Pollard script

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Pollard
Pollard Miao, ๐–ฝƒ๐–ฝ”๐–พ ๐–ฝ‘๐–ผ„๐–ฝป๐–พ (A-Hmao, Miao)
Miao book in Pollard script, in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Script type
CreatorSam Pollard
Period
ca. 1936 to the present
LanguagesA-Hmao, Lipo, Sichuan Miao, Nasu
Related scripts
Parent systems
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
  • Pollard
    Pollard Miao, ๐–ฝƒ๐–ฝ”๐–พ ๐–ฝ‘๐–ผ„๐–ฝป๐–พ (A-Hmao, Miao)
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Plrd (282), ​Miao (Pollard)
Unicode
Unicode alias
Miao
U+16F00–U+16F9F
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA ยง Brackets and transcription delimiters.
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This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao (Chinese: ๆŸๆ ผ็†่‹—ๆ–‡; pinyin: Bรณ Gรฉlว Miรกo-wรฉn) or Miao, is an abugida loosely based on the Latin alphabet and invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard. Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of several Miao languages spoken in China. The script underwent a series of revisions until 1936, when a translation of the New Testament was published using it.

Pollard credited the basic idea of the script to the Cree syllabics designed by James Evans in 1838โ€“1841: "While working out the problem, we remembered the case of the syllabics used by a Methodist missionary among the Indians of North America, and resolved to do as he had done." He also gave credit to a Chinese pastor: "Stephen Lee assisted me very ably in this matter, and at last we arrived at a system."[1]

The introduction of Christian materials in the script that Pollard invented had a great impact among the Miao people. Part of the reason was that they had a legend about how their ancestors had possessed a script but lost it. According to the legend, the script would be brought back some day. When the script was introduced, many Miao came from far away to see and learn it.[2][3] Changing politics in China led to the use of several competing scripts, most of which were romanizations. The Pollard script remains popular among Hmong people in China, although Hmong outside China tend to use one of the alternative scripts. A revision of the script was completed in 1988, which remains in use.

As with most other abugidas, the Pollard letters represent consonants, whereas vowels are indicated by diacritics. Uniquely, however, the position of this diacritic is varied to represent tone. For example, in Western Hmong, placing the vowel diacritic above the consonant letter indicates that the syllable has a high tone, whereas placing it at the bottom right indicates a low tone.

Characters

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The script was originally developed for A-Hmao, and adopted early for Lipo. In 1949 Pollard adapted it for a group of Miao in Szechuan, creating a distinct alphabet.[clarification needed][4] There is also a Nasu alphabet using Pollard script.

Consonants

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๐–ผ€ ๐–ผ ๐–ผ‚ ๐–ผƒ ๐–ผ„
PA BA YI PA PLA MA
๐–ผ… ๐–ผ† ๐–ผ‡ ๐–ผˆ ๐–ผ‰
MHA ARCHAIC MA FA VA VFA
๐–ผŠ ๐–ผ‹ ๐–ผŒ ๐–ผ ๐–ผŽ
TA DA YI TTA YI TA TTA
๐–ผ ๐–ผ ๐–ผ‘ ๐–ผ’ ๐–ผ“
DDA NA NHA YI NNA ARCHAIC NA
๐–ผ” ๐–ผ• ๐–ผ– ๐–ผ— ๐–ผ˜
NNA NNHA LA LYA LHA
๐–ผ™ ๐–ผš ๐–ผ› ๐–ผœ ๐–ผ
LHYA TLHA DLHA TLHYA DLHYA
๐–ผž ๐–ผŸ ๐–ผ  ๐–ผก ๐–ผข
KA GA YI KA QA QGA
๐–ผฃ ๐–ผค ๐–ผฅ ๐–ผฆ ๐–ผง
NGA NGHA ARCHAIC NGA HA XA
๐–ผจ ๐–ผฉ ๐–ผช ๐–ผซ ๐–ผฌ
GHA GHHA TSSA DZZA NYA
๐–ผญ ๐–ผฎ ๐–ผฏ ๐–ผฐ ๐–ผฑ
NYHA TSHA DZHA YI TSHA YI DZHA
๐–ผฒ ๐–ผณ ๐–ผด ๐–ผต ๐–ผถ
REFORMED TSHA SHA SSA ZHA ZSHA
๐–ผท ๐–ผธ ๐–ผน ๐–ผบ ๐–ผป
TSA DZA YI TSA SA ZA
๐–ผผ ๐–ผฝ ๐–ผพ ๐–ผฟ ๐–ฝ€
ZSA ZZA ZZSA ZZA ZZYA
๐–ฝ ๐–ฝ‚ ๐–ฝƒ ๐–ฝ„ ๐–ฝ…
ZZSYA WA AH HHA BRI
๐–ฝ† ๐–ฝ‡ ๐–ฝˆ ๐–ฝ‰ ๐–ฝŠ
SYI DZYI TE TSE RTE

Vowels and finals

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๐–ฝ” ๐–ฝ• ๐–ฝ– ๐–ฝ—
A AA AHH AN
๐–ฝ˜ ๐–ฝ™ ๐–ฝš ๐–ฝ›
ANG O OO WO
๐–ฝœ ๐–ฝ ๐–ฝž ๐–ฝŸ
W E EN ENG
๐–ฝ  ๐–ฝก ๐–ฝข ๐–ฝฃ
OEY I IA IAN
๐–ฝค ๐–ฝฅ ๐–ฝฆ ๐–ฝง
IANG IO IE II
๐–ฝจ ๐–ฝฉ ๐–ฝช ๐–ฝซ
IU ING U UA
๐–ฝฌ ๐–ฝญ ๐–ฝฎ ๐–ฝฏ
UAN UANG UU UEI
๐–ฝฐ ๐–ฝฑ ๐–ฝฒ ๐–ฝณ
UNG Y YI AE
๐–ฝด ๐–ฝต ๐–ฝถ ๐–ฝท
AEE ERR ROUNDED ERR ER
๐–ฝธ ๐–ฝน ๐–ฝบ ๐–ฝป
ROUNDED ER AI EI AU
๐–ฝผ ๐–ฝฝ ๐–ฝพ ๐–ฝฟ
OU N NG UOG
๐–พ€ ๐–พ ๐–พ‚ ๐–พƒ
YUI OG OER VW
๐–พ„ ๐–พ… ๐–พ† ๐–พ‡
IG EA IONG UI

Positioning tone marks

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๐–พ ๐–พ ๐–พ‘ ๐–พ’
RIGHT TOP RIGHT ABOVE BELOW

Baseline tone marks

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๐–พ“ ๐–พ” ๐–พ• ๐–พ– ๐–พ— ๐–พ˜ ๐–พ™
TONE-2 TONE-3 TONE-4 TONE-5 TONE-6 TONE-7 TONE-8

Archaic baseline tone marks

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๐–พš ๐–พ› ๐–พœ ๐–พ ๐–พž ๐–พŸ
REFORMED TONE-1 REFORMED TONE-2 REFORMED TONE-4 REFORMED TONE-5 REFORMED TONE-6 REFORMED TONE-8


Unicode

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Main article: Miao (Unicode block)

The Pollard script was first proposed for inclusion in Unicode by John Jenkins in 1997.[5] It took many years to reach a final proposal in 2010.[6]

It was added to the Unicode Standard in January, 2012 with the release of version 6.1.

The Unicode block for Pollard script, called Miao, is U+16F00–U+16F9F:

Miao[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+16F0x 𖼀 𖼁 𖼂 𖼃 𖼄 𖼅 𖼆 𖼇 𖼈 𖼉 𖼊 𖼋 𖼌 𖼍 𖼎 𖼏
U+16F1x 𖼐 𖼑 𖼒 𖼓 𖼔 𖼕 𖼖 𖼗 𖼘 𖼙 𖼚 𖼛 𖼜 𖼝 𖼞 𖼟
U+16F2x 𖼠 𖼡 𖼢 𖼣 𖼤 𖼥 𖼦 𖼧 𖼨 𖼩 𖼪 𖼫 𖼬 𖼭 𖼮 𖼯
U+16F3x 𖼰 𖼱 𖼲 𖼳 𖼴 𖼵 𖼶 𖼷 𖼸 𖼹 𖼺 𖼻 𖼼 𖼽 𖼾 𖼿
U+16F4x 𖽀 𖽁 𖽂 𖽃 𖽄 𖽅 𖽆 𖽇 𖽈 𖽉 𖽊  𖽏
U+16F5x 𖽐  𖽑  𖽒  𖽓  𖽔  𖽕  𖽖  𖽗  𖽘  𖽙  𖽚  𖽛  𖽜  𖽝  𖽞  𖽟
U+16F6x  𖽠  𖽡  𖽢  𖽣  𖽤  𖽥  𖽦  𖽧  𖽨  𖽩  𖽪  𖽫  𖽬  𖽭  𖽮  𖽯
U+16F7x  𖽰  𖽱  𖽲  𖽳  𖽴  𖽵  𖽶  𖽷  𖽸  𖽹  𖽺  𖽻  𖽼  𖽽  𖽾  𖽿
U+16F8x  𖾀  𖾁  𖾂  𖾃  𖾄  𖾅  𖾆  𖾇   𖾏 
U+16F9x   𖾐    𖾑    𖾒  𖾓 𖾔 𖾕 𖾖 𖾗 𖾘 𖾙 𖾚 𖾛 𖾜 𖾝 𖾞 𖾟
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 17.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Published sources

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). Reprinted in Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

References

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  1. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ Enwall 1994
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. Republished in Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
[edit | edit source]
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). Dingle describes how Sam Pollard used positioning of vowel marks relative to consonants to indicate tones.
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Preliminary proposal for additions for Hei Yi to Miao block
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