Itsari language
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|
| Itsari | |
|---|---|
| Icari | |
| ицӀран гъай ИцIрила гъай | |
| Pronunciation | [its’ran ʁaj] [its’arila] |
| Native to | North Caucasus |
| Region | Dagestan |
| Ethnicity | Dargins |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2003)[1] |
| unwritten | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
dar-its | |
| Glottolog | icar1234 Icari |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| File:Dargwa map (Koryakov) 2021.png Itsari (and Sanzhi) | |
_2021.png){kind=link}
Itsari (Icari, Itsari: ицӀран гъай[2]) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia spoken in the village Itsari, as well as in Kizlyarsky District, Druzhba, and other villages and cities, both in and outside of Dagestan, by about 2,000 people.[1] It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa. Ethnologue lists it as a dialect of Dargwa but recognizes that it may be a separate language.[3] Its closest relative is Sanzhi, which has only about 200 speakers and is considered to be an endangered language, as parents are now teaching their children Russian for practical purposes.[4]
Usage
[edit | edit source]In the village of Itsari, the Itsari language is used for all purposes except writing, as the residents of Itsari use standard written Dargwa or Russian as their written language. The younger population is shifting to Russian as their primary language.[1]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | phar. | |||
| Close | short | [i] i | [u] u | [uˤ] uӏ |
| long | [iː] ī | [uː] ū | ||
| Mid/Low | short | [e] e | [ɑ] а | [ɑˤ] aӏ |
| long | [eː] ē | [ɑː] ā | ||
Itsari has phonemic pharyngealization, as is evidenced by the minimal pair šam 'lamb' – šaӏm 'candle'.
Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiced | [b] b | [d] d | ||||||
| lax | [p] p | [t] t | [k] k | [q] q | |||||
| tense | [pː] p̄ | [tː] t̄ | [kː] кк kk | [qː] q̄ | |||||
| ejective | [pʼ] pʼ | [tʼ] tʼ | [kʼ] кӏ kʼ | [qʼ] qʼ | [ʡʼ][dubious – discuss] ʕ | [ʔ] ʔ | |||
| Fricative | voiced | ([f] f) | [z] z | [ʒ] ž | [ɣ] ǧ | [ʁ] R | [ħ] H | [h] h | |
| lax | [s] s | [ʃ] š | [x] x | [χ] X | |||||
| tense | [sː] s̄ | [ʃː] s̄̌ | [xː] x̄ | [χː] X̄ | |||||
| Affricate | lax | [t͡s] c | [t͡ʃ] č | ||||||
| tense | [t͡sː] c̄ | [t͡ʃː] c̄̌ | |||||||
| ejective | [t͡sʼ] cʼ | [t͡ʃʼ] čʼ | |||||||
| Resonant | [m] m, [w] w | [n] n, [l] l | [r] r | [j] j | |||||
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Dargwa at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
