Warekena language
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| Warekena | |
|---|---|
| Baniwa of Maroa, Baniwa of Guainía | |
| Guarequena | |
| Native to | Brazil, Venezuela |
Native speakers | (650 cited 2001–2006)[1] ca. 200 (1999)[2] |
Arawakan
| |
| Dialects |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gae |
| Glottolog | guar1293 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baré and Baniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished as Baniva de Maroa or Baniva de Guainía.
There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).
Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.
Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[3]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| med. | lat. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ts | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | dz | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ʂ | ||||||
| voiced | ʐ | |||||||
| Rhotic | tap | ɾ | ɺ | |||||
| trill | r | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||
Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Low | a |
Grammar
[edit | edit source]Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.[3]
wa-hã
then-PAUS
waʃi
jaguar
yutʃia-hã
kill-PAUS
ema
tapir
"Then the jaguar killed the tapir"
ʃupe-hẽ
many-PAUS
ʃiani-pe
child-PL
"Children are many"
peya
one
nu-yaɺitua
1sg-brother
wiyua
die
"One of my brothers dies"
nu-yue
1sg-for
mawali
hungry
"I am hungry"
Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Warekena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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