Arutani language
| Arutani | |
|---|---|
| Uruak, Awake | |
| Arutani | |
| Native to | Brazil, Venezuela |
| Region | Roraima (Brazil); Karum River area, Bolivar State (Venezuela) |
| Ethnicity | 20 Auaké |
Native speakers | 5–6 (2020)[1] |
Arutani–Sape ?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | atx |
| Glottolog | arut1244 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
 Arutani is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Arutani (Orotani, Urutani, also known as Awake, Auake, Auaqué, Aoaqui, Oewaku, ethnonym Uruak) is a nearly extinct language spoken in Roraima, Brazil and in the Karum River area of Bolivar State, Venezuela. There are only around 6 speakers left.[2][3]
Documentation
[edit | edit source]Arutani is one of the most poorly attested extant languages in South America, and may be a language isolate.[4][5]
Existing data is limited to a 1911 word list by Koch-Grünberg (1928: 308-313),[6] a 1940 word list by Armellada & Matallana (1942: 101-110),[7] and a 100-item Swadesh list by Migliazza (1978).[8] There is also an unpublished Swadesh list by Fèlix Cardona i Puig from the 1930s-1940s, as well as an unpublished 200-item Swadesh list by Walter Coppens from 1970.[9]
Sociolinguistic situation
[edit | edit source]Traditionally, Arutani was spoken along the Paragua River and Uraricaá River in southern Venezuela and the northern tip of Roraima, Brazil.[2]
Ethnic Arutani also speak Ninam (Shirián), since they now mostly live in Ninam villages. The remaining speakers of Arutani are found in the following Ninam villages.[2]
- Saúba (in Brazil): 1 speaker born in Venezuela who has family in Kavaimakén
- Kosoiba (in the Upper Paragua River valley of Venezuela): 3 speakers
- Kavaimakén (in the Upper Paragua River valley of Venezuela): 1 speaker
- Colibri (in the Upper Paragua River valley of Venezuela): 1 speaker reported
According to Loukotka (1968), it was once spoken on the southern banks of Maracá Island in the Rio Branco area.[10]
Language contact
[edit | edit source]Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Máku, Sape, Warao, Tikuna-Yuri, and Tukano language families due to contact.[11]
Lexical similarities with Tucanoan languages are mostly cultural loanwords. Arutani and Tucanoan languages also have completely different pronominal systems, and sound correspondences are irregular. Thus, similarities between them can be attributed to contact with Eastern Tucanoan.[11]: 527
Vocabulary
[edit | edit source]Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Auaké.[10]
gloss Auaké one kiuaná two kiuañéke three uatitimitilíake head ki-kakoáti eye ki-gakoá tooth ki-aké man madkié water okoá fire ané sun nizyí manioc mokiá jaguar kaiyá house iméd
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Arutani at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Koch-Grünberg, Theodor. 1928. Vom Roroima Zum Orinoco, Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nordbrasilien und Venezuela in den Jahren 1911-1913. Vol. 4. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder.
- ^ Armellada, Césareo de, and Baltazar de Matallana. 1942. Exploración Del Paragua. Boletín de La Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 53, 61-110.
- ^ Migliazza, Ernest C. 1978. Maku, Sape and Uruak languages current status and basic lexicon. Anthropological Linguistics 20(3), 133-140.
- ^ Coppens, Walter. 2008. Los Uruak (Arutani). In W. Coppens, M. Á. Perera, R. Lizarralde & H. Seijas (eds.) Los aborígenes de Venezuela. Volume 2, 747-770. Caracas: Fundación La Salle/Monte Avila Editores/Ediciones IVIC/Instituto Caribe de Antropología y Sociología.
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
External links
[edit | edit source]- Alain Fabre, 2005. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: AWAKE
- Portal Japiim (online dictionary)
Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 153: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).