Taruma language
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| Taruma | |
|---|---|
| Saluma | |
| hodjasu dzudzu | |
| Native to | Guyana, formerly Brazil & Suriname |
| Region | South of Aishalton |
| Ethnicity | Taruma people |
Native speakers | 3 (2022)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tdm |
qoi | |
| Glottolog | taru1236 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
Taruma (Taruamá) is a nearly extinct, divergent language isolate of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living in Maruranau among the Wapishana, and is documenting the language.[2][3] The people and language are known as Saluma in Suriname.[4]
Classification
[edit | edit source]Taruma is a language isolate.[1] It has been proposed to be distantly related to Katembri,[5][6] but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages.[7]
History
[edit | edit source]Taruma was spoken around the mouth of the Rio Negro during the late 1600s, but the speakers later moved to southern Guyana. In the 1940s, the Taruma tribe were reported to no longer exist as a distinct group.[8][4] However, their presence has recently been confirmed in the Wapishana village of Marunarau, where they are recognized as a distinct tribe.[9] Only one of the three knows Taruma well enough to produce "coherent texts", and the other two have "a much weaker knowledge" of Taruma.[10]
Language contact
[edit | edit source]Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chibchan, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Jeoromitxi, Tupi, Arawa, Jivaro, Karib, Mura-Matanawi, Tukano, Yanomami, and Kwaza language families due to contact.[11]
The following table illustrates some of the aforementioned borrowing situations:[11][12][13]
Loanwords in Taruma by language
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Similarities with Chibchan (especially with the Magdalena and Dorasque-Changena subgroups) may be due to the former presence of Chibchan speakers in the Northeast Amazons.[11]: 327 Similarities with Tucanoan suggest that Taruma had originated in the Caquetá basin.[11]: 348
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | voiceless | voiced | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Plosive | plain | p | b | t | d | k | g | ʔ | ||
| lab. | kʷ | gʷ | ||||||||
| Fricative | plain | s | ʐ | ɕ | h | |||||
| lab. | ɸʷ | |||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||
Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | nasalized | plain | nasalized | plain | nasalized | |
| Close | i | ĩ | ɨ | ɨ̃ | ||
| Mid | o | õ | ||||
| Open | a | ã | ||||
Vocabulary
[edit | edit source]Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[14]
gloss Taruma one oshiwai two dzyowa three mikyahahi head a-dam eye a-tsi man gika water za fire fwa sun hwa jaguar dun house duiya
For a list of Taruma words from Jolkesky (2016),[11] see the corresponding Portuguese article.
Further reading
[edit | edit source]- Meira, Sérgio. (2015). Taruma wordlist. (Manuscript).
Notes
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- ^ Campbell, Lyle. 2018. Language Isolates. New York: Routledge.
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References
[edit | edit source]
- Eithne B. Carlin (2011) "Nested Identities in the Southern Guyana Surinam Corner". In Hornborg & Hill (eds.) Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia.
- Eithne B. Carlin (2006) "Feeling the Need: The Borrowing of Cariban Functional Categories into Mawayana (Arawak)". In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) Grammars in Contact: A Cross-Linguistic Typology, pp. 313–332. Oxford University Press.