Tillamook language
| Tillamook | |
|---|---|
| Hutyáyu, Hutyéyu | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Northwestern Oregon |
| Ethnicity | Tillamook, Siletz |
| Extinct | 1972, with the death of Minnie Scovell[1] |
Salishan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | til |
| Glottolog | till1254 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
 | |
Tillamook is an extinct Salishan language, formerly spoken by the Tillamook people in northwestern Oregon, United States. The last fluent speaker was Minnie Scovell who died in 1972.[1] In an effort to prevent the language from being lost, a group of researchers from the University of Hawaii interviewed the few remaining Tillamook speakers and created a 120-page dictionary.[3]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u (əɰ) | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Low | æ | ɑ |
Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| median | lateral | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||||
| Plosive | plain | t | k | kᶤ | (q) | (qᵓ) | ʔ | |||
| aspirated | tʰ | kʰ | kᶤʰ | qʰ | qᵓʰ | |||||
| ejective | tʼ | kʼ | kᶤʼ | qʼ | qᵓʼ | |||||
| Affricate | plain | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ʃʼ | |||||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xᶤ | χ | χᵓ | h | ||
| Sonorant | plain | n | l | j | ɰᶤ | |||||
| glottalized | nˀ | lˀ | jˀ | ɰᶤˀ | ||||||
Internal rounding
[edit | edit source]Tillamook has several phonemic "rounded" velar and uvular consonants, traditionally transcribed with the diacritic ⟨ʷ⟩. However, this is somewhat misleading to the true phonetic articulation of these consonants, as according to Thompson & Thompson, Tillamook lacks labial elements entirely.[5] Instead, the acoustic quality perceived as labialization is described as an internal rounding created by a "cupping" of the tongue.
This results in uvulars (postvelars) having a [ɔ]-like resonance, while (front) velars exhibit [ɨ] coloring. The chart above uses the ad hoc diacritics ⟨ᵓ⟩ and ⟨ᶤ⟩ to reflect this description and avoid the implication of true labialization. Similarly, the phoneme /w/ is formed with this internal rounding, making it akin to [ɰ]; likewise, the vowel sounds transcribed with the symbols ⟨u u˙ o o˙⟩ are more accurately interpreted as diphthongs with increasing internal rounding, being realizations of the phoneme /əw/ ([əɰ]).[5]
Notes
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., in reference to Thompson & Thompson (1966:318)
- ^ a b Thompson & Thompson 1966, p. 316.
Bibliography
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External links
[edit | edit source]- University of Oregon: The Tillamook
- Tillamook Language
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- OLAC resources in and about the Tillamook language
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