Mawayana language
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|
| Mawayana | |
|---|---|
| Mapidian | |
| Native to | Brazil, Guyana and Suriname |
| Region | Kwamalasamutu (currently) |
| Ethnicity | Mawayana |
Native speakers | 2 (2015)[1][2] |
Arawakan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:mzx – Mawayanampw – Mapidian (duplicate code)[4] |
| Glottolog | mapi1252 Mapidian-Mawayanamawa1268 Mawakwa (retired) |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
Mawayana (Mahuayana), also known as Mapidian (Maopidyán), is a moribund Arawakan language of northern South America. It used to be spoken by Mawayana people living in ethnic Wai-wai and Tiriyó villages in Brazil, Guyana and Suriname.[5][2] As of 2015, the last two speakers of the language are living in Kwamalasamutu.[6][2] A few rememberers exist who do not use it on a daily basis.[7]
Classification
[edit | edit source]Aikhenvald (1999) lists Mawayana (and possibly Mawakwa as a dialect) together with Wapishana under a Rio Branco (North-Arawak) branch of the Arawakan family. Carlin (2006:314) notes that Mawayana "is closely related to Wapishana" and according to Ramirez (2001:530) they share at least 47% of their lexicon.
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Mawayana has, among its consonants, two implosives, /ɓ/ and /ɗ/, and what has been described as a "retroflex fricativised rhotic", represented with ⟨rž⟩, that it shares with Wapishana. The vowel systems contains four vowels (/i-e, a, ɨ, u-o/), each of which has a nasalised counterpart.[8]
Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | t | ʧ | k | ʔ | |
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ɗʲ | |||
| Fricative | ʃ | |||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Glide | j | w | ||||
Vowels
[edit | edit source]Mawayana vowel phonemes:[5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u~o |
| Close-mid | e | ||
| Open | a |
Vowels have both nasal and length contrast.
Morphology
[edit | edit source]Mawayana personal affixes:[5] singular plural 1 n-/m- -na wa- -wi 2 ɨ-/i- -i ɨ- -wiko 3 ɾ(ɨ/iʔ)- -sɨ na- -nu 3 refl. a-
Mawayana verbal affixes:[5] thematic -ta, -ɗa, -ɓa present -e reciprocal -(a)ka adjectival -ɾe, -ke
Morphosyntax
[edit | edit source]Mawayana has a polysynthetic morphology, mainly head-marking and with suffixes, although there are pronominal prefixes. The verbal arguments are indexed on the verb through subject suffixes on intransitive verbs, while agent prefixes and object suffixes on transitive verbs.[9]: 319
n-kataba-sï
1A-grab.PST-3O
'I grabbed him.'
tõwã-sï
sleep.PST-3S
'He fell asleep.'
nnu
1PN
a-na
when-1S
mauɗa
die
chika-dza
NEG-COMPL
Mawayana
mawayana
'When I die there will be no Mawayana left at all.'
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ Carlin & Mans 2013:79
- ^ a b c Mans & Carlin 2015, p. 98.
- ^ Aikhenvald 1999:69.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c d e Meira, Sérgio. 2019. A Study of the Genetic Relation between Mawayana and Wapishana (Arawakan Family) Archived 2021-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas Archived 2019-01-17 at the Wayback Machine (RBLI), vol. 2, no. 1 (Jan.-Jun. 2019), pp. 70-104.
- ^ Carlin 2006, p. 317.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Carlin (2006:320)
- ^ Carlin 2006.
References
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External links
[edit | edit source]- The Last of the Mawayana by Unravel magazine