Kipchak languages
| Kipchak | |
|---|---|
| Northwestern Turkic | |
| Geographic distribution | Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Balkans, Lithuania, Romania, Ukraine, China |
| Ethnicity | Kipchaks |
| Linguistic classification | Turkic
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | kipc1239 |
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| File:Kipchak Map Labeled.png | |
The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Romania to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.
Linguistic features
[edit | edit source]The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.
Shared features
[edit | edit source]- Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
- Loss of initial *h, see above example
Unique features
[edit | edit source]Family-specific
[edit | edit source]- Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
- Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")
Language-specific
[edit | edit source]- In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:
| Old Turkic | Tatar (for example) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mid → high | |||
| *e | /e/ | i | /i/ |
| *o | /o/ | u | /u/ |
| *ö | /ø/ | ü | /y/ |
| High → Mid | |||
| *i | /i/ | e | /ɪ/ |
| *ı | /ɯ/ | î | /ɤ/ |
| *u | /u/ | o | /ʊ/ |
| *ü | /y/ | ö | /ø/ |
Classification
[edit | edit source]The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):
| Proto-Turkic | Common Turkic | Kipchak | Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian) | ||
| Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian) |
| ||||
| Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian) |
| ||||
| Kipchak–Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz) | |||||
See also
[edit | edit source]Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.[2]
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Махмутова Л. Т. Опыт исследования тюркских диалектов: мишарский диалект татарского языка. — М.: Наука, 1978
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Bibliography
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