Inuttitut
| Inuttitut | |
|---|---|
| Nunatsiavummiutitut, Labrador Inuktitut | |
| Native to | Canada |
| Region | Labrador |
Early forms | |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | nuna1235 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| Error creating thumbnail: Inuit dialects. Nunatsiavummiutitut is the pink ( ) in the east. | |
| File:Lang Status 60-DE.svg Nunatsiavummiutitut is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Inuttitut,[1] Inuttut,[2] or Nunatsiavummiutitut[3] is a dialect of Inuktitut. It is spoken across northern Labrador by the Inuit, whose traditional lands are known as Nunatsiavut.
The language has a distinct writing system, created in Greenland in the 1760s by German missionaries from the Moravian Church.[citation needed] This separate writing tradition, the remoteness of Nunatsiavut from other Inuit communities, and its unique history of cultural contacts have made it into a distinct dialect with a separate literary tradition.
It shares features, including Schneider's Law[clarification needed], the reduction of alternate sequences of consonant clusters by simplification, with some Inuit dialects spoken in Quebec. It is differentiated by the tendency to neutralize velars and uvulars, i.e. /ɡ/ ~ /r/, and /k/ ~ /q/ in word final and pre-consonantal positions, as well as by the assimilation of consonants in clusters, compared to other dialects. Morphological systems (~juk/~vuk) and syntactic patterns (e.g. the ergative) have similarly diverged. Nor are the Labrador dialects uniform: there are separate variants traceable to a number of regions, e.g. Rigolet, Nain, Hebron, etc.
Although Nunatsiavut claims over 4,000 inhabitants of Inuit descent, only 550 reported any Inuit language (Inuktut) to be their mother tongue in the 2001 census, mostly in the town of Nain. Inuttitut is seriously endangered.
Dialects
[edit | edit source]At one time, there existed two dialects of the Inuttut language. The northern dialect (spoken mainly in Nain) and the southern dialect (spoken only by a few elders in Rigolet).[4] They differ only in phonology.
Alphabet
[edit | edit source]Nunatsiavut uses a Latin alphabet devised by German-speaking Moravian missionaries, which includes the letter ĸ (kra, often also written with an uppercase K). In 1980, the Labrador Inuit Standardized Writing System was developed during a meeting with elders and educators to provide consistency and clarity.[5] The previous orthography used ⟨o⟩ to represent /u/ before uvulars; however, the Labrador Inuttitut no longer has a distinct /q/ at the end of syllables. In the new orthography, ⟨o⟩ represents /uu/.[6]
| Capital letters | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | A | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | Kʼ | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W |
| Lowercase letters | ||||||||||||||||||||
| â | a | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | ĸ | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | t | u | v | w |
The main difference with the Latin orthography used for other Inuktitut dialects are the following letters:[6]
- /aː/ â = aa
- /iː/ e = ii
- /uː/ o = uu
- /χ/ ĸ = q
- /ŋŋ/ ng, n̲g̲ or ngng = nng
Vocabulary comparison
[edit | edit source]The comparison of some animal names in the two dialects of Inuktitut:
| Inuktitut[7] | Inuttitut[8] | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| siksik ᓯᒃᓯᒃ | sitsik | ground squirrel |
| qugjuk ᖃᒡᔪᒃ | ĸutjuk | tundra swan |
| aarluk ᐋᕐᓗᒃ | âlluk | killer whale |
| amaruq ᐊᒪᕈᖅ | amaguk | grey wolf |
| isunngaq ᐃᓱᙵᖅ | isungak | pomarine jaeger |
| kanguq ᑲᖑᖅ | kangak | snow goose |
| tuktu ᑐᒃᑐ | tuttuk | caribou |
| tiriganniaq ᑎᕆᒐᓐᓂᐊᖅ | tigiganniak | arctic fox |
| umingmak ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ | umimmak | muskox |
German loanwords
[edit | edit source]The German loanwords[8] used in Inuttitut date from the period of the German missionaries of Moravian Church (1760s).
- ailvat (< Ger. elf) 'eleven'
- ainsik (< Ger. eins) 'one o'clock'
- fiarâ (< Ger. vier) 'four o'clock'
- Fraitâg ( < Ger. Freitag) 'Friday'
- kâttopalak (< Ger. Kartoffel) 'potato'
- Metvog (< Ger. Mittwoch) 'Wednesday'
- Montâg (< Ger. Montag) 'Monday'
- naina (< Ger. neun) 'nine'
- sâksit (< Ger. sechs) 'six'
- senat (< Ger. zehn) 'ten'
- sepat (< Ger. sieben) 'seven'
- silipa (< Ger. Silber) 'coin'
- situnati (< Ger. Stunde) 'hour'
- Sontâg (< Ger. Sonntag) 'Sunday'
- Sunâpint (< Ger. Sonnabend) 'Saturday'
- suvai (< Ger. zwei) 'two'
- suvailva (< Ger. zwölf) 'twelve'
- tarai (< Ger. drei) 'three'
- taraitijik (< Ger. dreißig) '30 odd 30 rifle and ammunition'
- Tenistâg (< Ger. Dienstag) 'Tuesday'
- Tonistâg (< Ger. Donnerstag) 'Thursday'
- viaga (< Ger. vier) 'four'
- vogik (< Ger. Woche) 'week'
References
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- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Inuktitut Living Dictionary
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Further reading
[edit | edit source]- Smith, L. R., and Sam Metcalfe. Labrador Inuttut – English Glossary. [St. John's]: Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1970.
- Smith, Lawrence .R. (1975) "Labrador Inuttut surface phonology". International journal of American linguistics 41 (2), 97-105.
Dorais, Louis-Jacques (1981) Reviews Etudes/Inuit Studies 5 (1) 149-152
