Ferae
| Ferae | |
|---|---|
| File:Ferae 2.png | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Grandorder: | Ferungulata |
| Mirorder: | Ferae Linnaeus, 1758[2] |
| Main subgroups | |
For other groups, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
Ferae (/ˈfɪəriː/ FEER-ee, Latin: [ˈfɛrae̯], "wild beasts") is a mirorder of placental mammals[9][10] in grandorder Ferungulata, that groups together clades Pan-Carnivora (that includes carnivorans and their fossil relatives, such as hyaenodonts) and Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their fossil relatives).
General characteristics
[edit | edit source]In mirorder Ferae
[edit | edit source]The common features for members of this mirorder are:[11][12]
- ossified tentorium cerebelli,
- fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist,
- and the a network of diploic venous channels throughout their cranial vault.[13]
Thinocyon medius
In clade Pan-Carnivora
[edit | edit source]The common features for members of clade Pan-Carnivora are:
- heterodont teeth that are sharp and for cutting meat,
- canine teeth that are usually large, conical, pointed, thick and stress resistant,
- and presence of the carnassial teeth.
Carnassials are feature that allows distinguishing the Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta and Hyaenodonta from the other carnivorous placental mammals.[11] However, these mammals are distinguished between themselves based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P4 and m1, in Oxyaenodonta are M1 and m2, and in Hyaenodonta and close relatives are M2 and m3. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet.[11]
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Classification and phylogeny
[edit | edit source]Sister groups to Ferae
[edit | edit source]According to recent studies, the closest relatives of Ferae are members of clade Pan-Euungulata (group that includes mirorder Euungulata[14][15] and extinct genus Protungulatum). Together they form grandorder Ferungulata.
An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relative to Ferae is order Perissodactyla, with whom they form a clade Zooamata. Together, clade Zooamata and order Chiroptera form clade Pegasoferae,[16] and Pegasoferae is sister taxon to order Artiodactyla within clade Scrotifera. However, subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support this proposal.[17][18][19][20][21]
Position of pangolins and creodonts within clade
[edit | edit source]Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of aardvark and xenarthrans, forming to the now obsolete order Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique[22] and comparison of protein and DNA sequences[23][24][25] revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans, with whom they also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.[1]
While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order Creodonta into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to order Carnivora.[9] The Halliday et al. (2015) phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of Paleocene placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their stem-relatives).[26] However, recent studies have shown that Creodonta is an invalid polyphyletic taxon. Members of this group are now part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives), split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and on the other side order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives, genera Simidectes[27][28] and Altacreodus.[29][30][31][32][33]
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]| Former classification (McKenna & Bell, 1997):[10] | Current classification: |
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Alternative classification and possible fossil members
[edit | edit source]In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene eutherian mammals have been proposed to be possible members of Ferae, like members of orders Mesonychia, Pantodonta and Taeniodonta, and families Arctocyonidae, Didelphodontidae, Nyctitheriidae, Palaeoryctidae, Periptychidae and Triisodontidae.[26] Mesonychians are proposed to be a sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids were polyphyletic, with genera Arctocyon and Loxolophus as a sister taxa to pantodonts and periptychids, Goniacodon and Eoconodon sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, and other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctids.[26] This enlarged Ferae was also found to be the sister group to order Chiroptera,[26] even though recent studies dispute this classification.[35][36]
See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world's most trafficked wild mammals"
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1866.) "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen." Berlin: Georg Reimer.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Zagorodniuk, I. (2008.) "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. P. 33-43
- ^ Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.
- ^ Edward Newman (1843.) "The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)", London, J. Van Voorst
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- ^ a b c Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Guillaume Billet, Lionel Hautier, Timothy J. Gaudin, John J. Flynn, Irina Ruf, Sandrine Ladaveze, Cassandre Tornero, Nicole M. Wong, Philippe Gaubert (2025.) "Unlocking phylogenetic signal: A remarkable network of diploic veins in pangolin and carnivoran crania", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 85th annual meeting"
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011)
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- ^ S. P. Zack and S. Tomiya (2016.) "New postcrania clarify the affinities of the unusual Eocene mammal Simidectes", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 76th annual meeting"
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- ^ Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
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- ^ J. J. Flynn, A. R. Wyss and M. Wolsan (2020.) "Pan-Carnivora, new clade name" In book: Phylonyms (pp.979–982)
- ^ Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe – Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31–48)
- ^ Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157
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