Manidae
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| Manidae | |
|---|---|
| File:Manidae.jpg | |
| Living species of pangolins | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Clade: | Pholidotamorpha |
| Order: | Pholidota |
| Suborder: | Eupholidota |
| Superfamily: | Manoidea |
| Family: | Manidae Gray, 1821[2] |
| Type genus | |
| Manis | |
| Genera | |
|
[see classification]
| |
| File:Minus ranges.png | |
| Synonyms | |
|
list of synonyms:
| |
Manidae ("spirits") is the only extant family of pangolins.[5] This family comprises three genera (Manis from subfamily Maninae, Phataginus from subfamily Phatagininae, and Smutsia from subfamily Smutsiinae),[6][7] as well as the extinct Fayum pangolin.[8]
Classification and phylogeny
[edit | edit source]History of classification
[edit | edit source]All species of living pangolin had been assigned to the genus Manis until the late 2000s, when research prompted the splitting of extant pangolins into three genera: Manis, Phataginus, and Smutsia.[5][9]
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]- Family: Manidae (pangolins)
- Subfamily: Maninae (Gray, 1821) (Asian pangolins)
- Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asian pangolin)
- (unranked): northern Asian clade
- Manis pentadactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chinese pangolin)
- †Manis hungarica (Kormos, 1934)
- (unranked): southern Asian clade
- Manis crassicaudata (Gray, 1827) (Indian pangolin)
- Manis sp. (Scale_H4 & Scale_H8)[10][11][1]
- †Manis lydekkeri (Dubois, 1908)
- Subgenus: Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) (Southeast Asian pangolin)
- Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822) (Sunda pangolin)
- Manis culionensis (de Elera, 1895) (Philippine pangolin)
- †Manis palaeojavanica (Dubois, 1907) (giant Asian pangolin)
- (unranked): northern Asian clade
- Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asian pangolin)
- (unranked): African clade
- Subfamily: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (small African pangolins)
- Genus: Phataginus (Rafinesque, 1821) (African tree pangolin)
- Phataginus tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) (long-tailed pangolin)
- Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821) (tree pangolin)
- Genus: Phataginus (Rafinesque, 1821) (African tree pangolin)
- Subfamily: Smutsiinae (Gray, 1873) (large African pangolins)
- Genus: Smutsia (Gray, 1865) (African ground pangolin)
- Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815) (giant pangolin)
- Smutsia temmincki (Smuts, 1832) (ground pangolin)
- †Smutsia olteniensis (Terhune, 2021)[12]
- Genus: Smutsia (Gray, 1865) (African ground pangolin)
- Subfamily: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (small African pangolins)
- Incertae sedis
- †Manidae sp. [DPC 3972 & DPC 4364] (Gebo & Rasmussen, 1985) (Fayum pangolin)
- Subfamily: Maninae (Gray, 1821) (Asian pangolins)
See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world's most trafficked wild mammals"
- ^ J. E. Gray. (1821.) "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals." The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310
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- ^ J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344
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- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Daniel Gebo, D. Tab Rasmussen (1985.) "The Earliest Fossil Pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) from Africa" Journal of Mammalogy 66(3):538
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- ^ Huarong Zhang, Mark P. Miller, Feng Yang, Hon Ki Chan, Philippe Gaubert, Gary Ades, Gunter A. Fischer (2015.) "Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia", Global Ecology and Conservation, Volume 4, Pages 414-422
- ^ Jingyang Hu, Christian Roos, Xue Lv, Weimin Kuang, Li Yu (2020.) "Molecular Genetics Supports a Potential Fifth Asian Pangolin Species (Mammalia, Pholidota, Manis)" Zoological Science, 37(6):538-543
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External links
[edit | edit source]- ZSL Pangolin Conservation
- Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
- Tree of Life of Pholidota
- National Geographic video of a pangolin
- Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia (PDF)
- The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
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- Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins? The New York Times, March 6, 2020.
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