Cuzco Quechua language
| Cuzco Quechua | |
|---|---|
| Qusqu runasimi | |
| Native to | Peru |
Native speakers | (c. 1.5 million cited 1989–2002)[1] |
Quechuan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:quz – Cuscoqve – Eastern Apurímac |
| Glottolog | cusc1236 Cuscoeast2551 Eastern Apurímac |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg Quechua of Cuzco is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Cuzco Quechua (Quechua: Qusqu qhichwa simi) is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Cuzco and the Cuzco Region of Peru.
It is the Quechua variety used by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cuzco, which also prefers the Spanish-based five-vowel alphabet.[2] On the other hand, the official alphabet used by the ministry of education has only three vowels.[3]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Vowels
[edit | edit source]Quechua only has three vowel phonemes: /a/ /i/ and /u/, with no diphthongs. Monolingual speakers pronounce them as [æ, ɪ, ʊ] respectively, but Spanish realizations [ä, i, u] may also be found. When the vowels appear adjacent to uvular consonants (/q/, /qʼ/, and /qʰ/), they are rendered more like [ɑ, ɛ, ɔ], respectively.[4] There is debate about whether Cuzco Quechua has five /a, e, i, o, u/ or three vowel phonemes: /a, ɪ, ʊ/.[5]
While historically Proto-Quechua clearly had just three vowel phonemes /*a, *ɪ, *ʊ/, and although some other Quechua varieties have an increased number of vowels as a result of phonological vowel length emergence or of monophthongization, the current debate about the Cuzco variety seems to be not phonological in matter but just orthographic.[6]
| Phoneme | IPA Phonetic realizations | 3-vowel alphabet | 5-vowel alphabet |
|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | [æ, a, ɑ] | a | a [æ, a, ɑ] |
| /i/ | [i, ɪ, e, ɛ] | i | i [i, ɪ], e [e, ɛ] |
| /u/ | [u, ʊ, o, ɔ] | u | u [u, ʊ], o [o, ɔ] |
Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | tʃ | k | q | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||||
| Semivowel | j | w | |||||
| Liquid | lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
| rhotic | ɾ | ||||||
Gemination of the tap /ɾ/ results in a trill [r].
About 30% of the modern Quechua vocabulary is borrowed from Spanish, and some Spanish sounds (such as /f/, /b/, /d/, /ɡ/) may have become phonemic even among monolingual Quechua speakers.
Grammar
[edit | edit source]Pronouns
[edit | edit source]| [7] | Cuzco Quechua | Northern Quechua | Ancash Quechua | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1º | noqa/ñoqa | ñuka | nuqa | I |
| 2º | qan | kan | qam | you |
| 3º | pay | pay | pay | he, she, it |
| 4º | noqanchis/ñoqanchis | ñukanchik (ñukapash kanpash) | nuqantsik | we (inclusive) |
| 5º | noqayku/ñoqayku | ñukanchik (shinapash mana kan/kikin) | nuqakuna | we (exclusive) |
| 6º | qankuna | qamkuna | qamkuna | you (plural) |
| 7º | paykuna | paykuna | paykuna | they |
Nouns
[edit | edit source]| Function | Suffix | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix indicating number | Plural | -kuna | wasikuna | houses |
| Possessive suffix | 1st person singular | -y | wasiy | my house |
| 2nd person singular | -yki | wasiyki | your house | |
| 3rd person singular | -n | wasin | his/her/its house | |
| 1st person plural (incl.) | -nchis | wasinchis | our house (incl.) | |
| 1st person plural (excl.) | -y-ku | wasiyku | our house (excl.) | |
| 2nd person plural | -yki-chis | wasiykichis | your (pl.) house | |
| 3rd person plural | -n-ku | wasinku | their house | |
| Suffixes indicating case | nominative | – | wasi | the house (subj.) |
| accusative | -(k)ta | wasita | the house (obj.) | |
| instrumental | -wan | wasiwan | with the house, and the house | |
| abessive | -naq | wasinaq | without the house | |
| dative | -paq | wasipaq | to the house | |
| genitive | -q/-pa | wasiq | of the house | |
| causative | -rayku | wasirayku | because of the house | |
| benefactive | -paq | wasipaq | for the house | |
| locative | -pi | wasipi | at the house | |
| directional | -man | wasiman | towards the house | |
| inclusive | -piwan, puwan | wasipiwan, wasipuwan | including the house | |
| terminative | -kama, -yaq | wasikama, wasiyaq | up to the house | |
| transitive | -(rin)ta | wasinta | through the house | |
| ablative | -manta, -piqta | wasimanta, wasipiqta | off/from the house | |
| comitative | -(ni)ntin | wasintin | along with the house | |
| immediate | -raq | wasiraq | first the house | |
| intrative | -pura | wasipura | among the houses | |
| exclusive | -lla(n) | wasilla(n) | only the house | |
| comparative | -naw, -hina | wasinaw, wasihina | like the house | |
Adjectives
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Verbs
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See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Cusco at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
Eastern Apurímac at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon - ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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External links
[edit | edit source]- Simi Taqe Qheswa - Español - Qheswa (Qheswa simi hamut'ana kuraq suntur), Qosqo, Peru, 2006 (pdf 3,8 MB). Dictionary of the AMLQ: Cusco-Quechua - Spanish, Spanish - Cusco-Quechua.
- Collections in the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America Archived 19 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
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