Acridotheres

Acridotheres
File:Indian-Mynah444.jpg
Common myna, Acridotheres tristis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Sturnidae
Genus:	Acridotheres Vieillot, 1816
Type species
Paradisea tristis Linnaeus, 1766
Species
11; see text

Acridotheres is a genus of starlings, the "typical" mynas, which are tropical members of the family Sturnidae.

Taxonomy

The genus Acridotheres was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot. The type species was subsequently designated as Paradisea tristis Linnaeus, the common myna. The name Acridotheres combines the Ancient Greek akridos meaning "locust" with -thēras meaning "-hunter".

Despite being called "mynas", species in the genus Acridotheres are more closely related to a group of mainly terrestrial starlings from Eurasia, such as the common starling, and also African ones like the Lamprotornis glossy-starlings. Among these, they are among the larger and duller species; they seem to be one of the major groups to evolve most recently. Apparently, they all arose from ancestors which arrived from Central Asia and adapted to more humid conditions in the Tropics. They presumably were isolated in about their current range when the evolutionary radiation to which they belonged - including the wattled starling and the Sturnia species - was fragmented by desertification at the start of the Early Pliocene, as Earth turned towards the last ice age 5 million years ago.

Distribution

This genus has representatives in tropical southern Asia from Iran east to southern China and Indonesia. Two species have been introduced widely elsewhere. The common myna has been introduced to South Africa, Israel, Hawaii, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and the crested myna to the Vancouver region of British Columbia.

Description

The Acridotheres mynas are generally dark or dull birds with fluted calls like most starlings; the sexes are similar. They walk and hop, and may share adaptations along with the Sturnus starlings that have modifications to the skull and its muscles for open bill probing or prying. They resemble the hill mynas (Gracula) with which they often co-occur, in having large white or buff wing patches which are obvious in flight and in some also naked areas on the head, but differ in that only the head plumage is glossy, and the underparts tend to be paler. The naked head patches are different in arrangement. Acridotheres mynas are also much more terrestrial than Gracula.

Several species have frontal crests which become covered with pollen when the birds take nectar from flowers, and may play a role in pollination.

Behaviour

The Acridotheres mynas have bowing courtship displays and lay unmarked pale blue eggs, whereas Gracula has no visual display.

Like most starlings, the Acridotheres mynas are fairly omnivorous, eating fruit, nectar and insects.

Species

The cladogram below showing the relationships of the species within the genus is based on a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2008. The Burmese myna (Acridotheres burmannicus) was not included in the study.

Acridotheres	Bank myna, Acridotheres ginginianus Common myna, Acridotheres tristis Black-winged myna, Acridotheres melanopterus Vinous-breasted myna, Acridotheres leucocephalus Pale-bellied myna, Acridotheres cinereus Jungle myna, Acridotheres fuscus Javan myna, Acridotheres javanicus Collared myna, Acridotheres albocinctus Crested myna, Acridotheres cristatellus Great myna, Acridotheres grandis

Species

The genus contains 11 species:

• Great myna, Acridotheres grandis – northeast India through southeast Asia
• Crested myna, Acridotheres cristatellus – south China to southeast Asia
• Javan myna, Acridotheres javanicus – Java and Bali (introduced widely elsewhere)
• Pale-bellied myna, Acridotheres cinereus – south Sulawesi
• Jungle myna, Acridotheres fuscus – widespread from India to the Malay Peninsula
• Collared myna, Acridotheres albocinctus – northeast India to central south China
• Bank myna, Acridotheres ginginianus – Pakistan, India and Bangladesh
• Common myna, Acridotheres tristis – widely distributed in southern Asia
• Burmese myna, Acridotheres burmannicus – Myanmar and southwest China
• Vinous-breasted myna, Acridotheres leucocephalus – Thailand to Vietnam
• Black-winged myna, Acridotheres melanopterus – Java and Bali

References

• Feare, Chris & Craig, Adrian (1999): Starlings and Mynas. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-7136-3961-X
• Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J..
• Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35(2): 149–186. (HTML abstract)
• Zuccon, Dario; Cibois, Anne; Pasquet, Eric & Ericson, Per G.P. (2006): Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41(2): 333–344. (HTML abstract)