Wheeler Shale
| Wheeler Shale | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Middle Cambrian ~ | |
| File:ElrathiakingiUtahWheelerCambrian.jpg Elrathia kingii, famed trilobite of the Wheeler Shale. | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Thickness | 100–200 m (330–660 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Calcareous shale |
| Other | Mudstone, shaley limestone and limestone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. |
| Region | House Range and Drum Mountains, Millard Co., west Utah |
| Country | United States |
| Type section | |
| Named for | House Amphitheater (Geographic feature and type locality) |
| Named by | Charles Doolittle Walcott |
| Part of a series on |
| The Cambrian explosion |
|---|
The Wheeler Shale (named by Charles Walcott) is a Cambrian (c. 507 Ma) fossil locality world-famous[1] for prolific agnostid and Elrathia kingii trilobite remains (even though many areas are barren of fossils)[2] and represents a Konzentrat-Lagerstätte. Varied soft bodied organisms are locally preserved, a fauna (including Naraoia, Wiwaxia and Hallucigenia) and preservation style (carbonaceous film) normally associated with the more famous Burgess Shale.[3] As such, the Wheeler Shale also represents a Konservat-Lagerstätten.[4]
Together with the Marjum Formation and lower Weeks Formation, the Wheeler Shale forms 490 to 610 m (1,610 to 2,000 ft) of limestone and shale exposed in one of the thickest, most fossiliferous and best exposed sequences of Middle Cambrian rocks in North America.[5]
At the type locality of Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, Millard County, western Utah, the Wheeler Shale consists of a heterogeneous succession of highly calcareous shale, shaley limestone, mudstone and thin, flaggy limestone.[6] The Wheeler Formation (although the Marjum & Weeks Formations are missing) extends into the Drum Mountains, northwest of the House Range where similar fossils and preservation are found.[6]
Taphonomy and sedimentology
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Detailed work recognises a number of ~10 m thick lagerstätten sequences in the formation, each of which formed at a sea-level highstand[7] in deep water.[8] The lagerstätte were deposited by turbidities and mudslides onto an oxygenated sea floor.[7] The productive layers comprise mud and clay particles, with a tiny fraction of wind-blown quartz.[9]
Stratigraphy
[edit | edit source]The Wheeler Shale spans the Ptychagnostus atavus[10] and uppermost-Middle Cambrian Bolaspidella trilobite zones (See House Range for full stratigraphy).
Fauna
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Incomplete list of the fauna of the Wheeler Shale:[6][11][12][13][14][15][16] (Note: the preservation of hard bodied trilobite remains and soft bodied animals seems to be mutually exclusive within particular horizons.)[4][17]
Protista
[edit | edit source]- Marpolia spissa - cyanobacteria or green algae
- Morania fragmenta - cyanobacteria
Arthropoda
[edit | edit source]- Branchiocaris pretiosa - hymenocarine
- Branchiocaris sp.
- Cambropodus gracilis - possible myriapod
- Canadaspis perfecta - hymenocarine
- Dicerocaris opisthoeces
- Emeraldella brocki - vicissicaudatan
- Isoxys
- Perspicaris dilatus hymenocarine
- Pseudoarctolepis sharpi - possible hymenocarine
- Tuzoia? peterseni hymenocarine
- Waptia fieldensis hymenocarine
- Alalcomenaeus cambricus - megacheiran; or alalcomenaeid
- Dicranocaris guntherorum - possible megacheiran?
- Mollisonia symmetrica - mollisoniid chelicerate
- Leanchoilia superlata - megacheiran
- Sidneyia inexpectans - vicissicaudatan
Dinocaridida
[edit | edit source]- Amplectobelua cf. A. stephenensis – radiodont[18]
- Anomalocarididae gen. et sp. nov. - radiodont[18]
- Buccaspinea cooperi? - radiodont[18]
- Caryosyntrips durus - radiodont[18]
- Caryosyntrips serratus - radiodont[18]
- Peytoia nathorsti - radiodont[18]
- Pahvantia hastata - radiodont[18]
- Stanleycaris sp. - radiodont[18]
- Utahnax vannieri - kerygmachelid lobopodian, possibly from Marjum Formation[19]
- Utaurora comosa - opabiniid[20]
Trilobita
[edit | edit source]- Naraoia compacta - naraoiid nectaspid
- Hypagnostus parvifrons - agnostid
- Peronopsis amplaxis - peronopsid agnostid
- Peronopsis bidens
- Peronopsis fallax
- Peronopsis gaspensis
- Peronopsis intermedius
- Peronopsis interstrictus
- Peronopsis montis
- Peronopsis segmentis
- Ptychagnostus atavus (= Acidusus atavus) - ptychagnostid agnostid
- Ptychagnostus germanus
- Ptychagnostus gibbus
- Ptychagnostus intermedius
- Ptychagnostus michaeli
- Ptychagnostus occultatus
- Ptychagnostus seminula
- Glyphaspis concavus - asaphid
- Bathyuriscus fimbriatus - dolichometopid corynexochid
- Bathyuriscus sp.
- Kootenia sp. - dorypygid corynexochid, perhaps a synonym of Olenoides
- Olenoides expansus - dorypygid corynexochid
- Olenoides nevadensis
- Olenoides serratus
- Tonkinella breviceps
- Zacanthoides divergens - zacanthoidid corynexochid
- Zacanthoides sp.
- Altiocculus harrisi - ptychopariid (specific name may be confused with Alokistocare)
- Alokistocare harrisi - alokistocarid ptychopariid
- Asaphiscus wheeleri - ptychopariid; second-most common species in the formation
- Bathyocos housensis - ptychopariid
- Bolaspidella drumensis
- Bolaspidella housensis
- Bolaspidella sp.
- Bolaspidella wellsvillensis
- Brachyaspidion microps
- Brachyaspidion sulcatum
- Cedaria minor - known from the Warrior Formation
- Elrathia kingii - alokistocarid ptychopariid
- Elrathia sp.
- Elrathina wheeleri = Ptychoparella wheeleri? - ptychopariid
- Jenkinsonia varga
- Modocia brevispina
- Modocia laevinucha
- Modocia typicalis
- Ptychoparella sp. - ptychopariid
- Ptychoparella wheeleri
- Spencella sp. - ptychopariid
Brachiopoda
[edit | edit source]- Acrothele subsidua
Chordata
[edit | edit source]Cnidaria
[edit | edit source]- Cambromedusa sp. - jellyfish
Mollusca
[edit | edit source]Echinodermata
[edit | edit source]- Castericystis sprinklei - solute
- Castericystis sp.
- Cothurnocystis sp. - stylophoran
- Ctenocystis sp. - ctenocystoid
- Gogia spiralis - eocrinoid
- Eocrinoid holdfasts believed to belong to Gogia spiralis; may belong to other species
Porifera
[edit | edit source]- Choia carteri - choiid protomonaxonid demosponge
- Choia utahensis
- Crumillospongia sp. - hazeliid protomonaxonid demosponge
- Diagonella sp.
Priapulida
[edit | edit source]- Ottoia prolifica - archaeopriapulid
- Selkirkia sp. - archaeopriapulid
- Selkirkia willoughbyi- archaeopriapulid
Unclassified
[edit | edit source]- Hallucigenia sparsa - hallucigeniid lobopod
- Allonnia cf. tintinopsis - a chancelloriid[21]
- Chancelloria pentacta - chancelloriid
- Eldonia sp. - eldoniid cambroernid
- Skeemella clavula - Possible vetulicolian
- Hylolithellus sp. - annelid?
- Wiwaxia corrugata - halwaxiid? lophotrochozoan
- Yuknessia simplex - pterobranch
- Margaretia dorus - tube associated with the hemichordate Oesia[22]
References
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- ^ Photos of Wheeler Shale fossils from UC Berkeley
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- ^ Cambrian fossils from Utah by the University of Utah[permanent dead link]
- ^ Comprehensive treatment from The Virtual Fossil Museum
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