WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children
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The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (aka Essential Medicines List for Children[1] or EMLc[1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe in children up to twelve years of age to meet the most important needs in a health system.[2][3]
The list is divided into core items and complementary items.[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.[4]
The first list for children was created in 2007, and the list is in its 10th edition as of 2025[update].[4][5][6][7][8][9]
Note: An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list.[4]
Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases
[edit | edit source]General anaesthetics and oxygen
[edit | edit source]Inhalational medicines
[edit | edit source]Injectable medicines
[edit | edit source]Local anaesthetics
[edit | edit source]Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
[edit | edit source]Medical gases
[edit | edit source]Medicines for pain and palliative care
[edit | edit source]Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)
[edit | edit source]- Ibuprofen[note 4]
- Paracetamol[note 5] (acetaminophen)
Opioid analgesics
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care
[edit | edit source]- Amitriptyline
- Cyclizine
- Dexamethasone
- Diazepam
- Docusate sodium
- Hyoscine hydrobromide
- Lactulose
- Midazolam[note 8]
- Ondansetron[note 9]
- Senna
Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis
[edit | edit source]- Dexamethasone
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Hydrocortisone
- Loratadine[note 10][note 11]
- Prednisolone[note 12]
Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings
[edit | edit source]Non-specific
[edit | edit source]Specific
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines for neurological disorders
[edit | edit source]Medicines for central nervous system disorders
[edit | edit source]Antiseizure medicines
[edit | edit source]- Carbamazepine
- Diazepam
- Lamotrigine[note 14]
- Levetiracetam
- Lorazepam[note 15]
- Magnesium sulfate[note 16]
- Midazolam[note 8]
- Phenobarbital
- Phenytoin
- Prednisolone
- Valproic acid (sodium valproate)[note 17]
Complementary:
- Ethosuximideα
- Levetiracetamα
- Valproic acid (sodium valproate)α[note 17]
Medicines for multiple sclerosis
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for parkinsonism
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for cerebral palsy
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines for headache disorders
[edit | edit source]Medicines for acute migraine attacks
[edit | edit source]- Ibuprofen
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen)[note 18]
Medicines for migraine prophylaxis
[edit | edit source]Medicines for cluster headache
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for central nervous system infections
[edit | edit source]Medicines for bacterial central nervous system infections
[edit | edit source]- Amoxicillin
- Ampicillin
- Benzylpenicillin
- Cefotaxime[note 19]
- Ceftriaxone[note 20][note 21]
- Chloramphenicol[note 22]
- Gentamicin
Complementary:
Medicines for viral central nervous system infections
[edit | edit source]Medicines for peripheral nervous system disorders
[edit | edit source]Medicines for Guillain-Barré syndrome
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines for myasthenia gravis
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Anti-infective medicines
[edit | edit source]Anthelminthics
[edit | edit source]Intestinal anthelminthics
[edit | edit source]
Antifilarials
[edit | edit source]Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Cysticidal medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Antibacterials
[edit | edit source]Access group antibiotics
[edit | edit source]- Amikacin
- Amoxicillin
- Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)
- Ampicillin
- Benzathine benzylpenicillin
- Benzylpenicillin
- Cefalexin
- Cefazolin[note 27]
- Chloramphenicol[note 28]
- Clindamycin
- Cloxacillin[note 29][note 30]
- Doxycycline[note 31]
- Gentamicin
- Metronidazole
- Nitrofurantoin
- Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
- Procaine benzylpenicillin[note 32]
- Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)
- Trimethoprim
Watch group antibiotics
[edit | edit source]- Azithromycin
- Cefixime
- Cefotaxime[note 33]
- Ceftriaxone[note 20][note 21]
- Cefuroxime
- Ciprofloxacin
- Clarithromycin[note 34]
- Piperacillin/tazobactam (piperacillin + tazobactam)
- Vancomycin[note 35]
Complementary:
Reserve group antibiotics
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Ceftazidime/avibactam (ceftazidime + avibactam)α
- Ceftolozane/tazobactam (ceftolozane + tazobactam)α
- Colistinα
- Fosfomycinα
- Linezolidα
- Polymyxin Bα
Antileprosy medicines
[edit | edit source]Antituberculosis medicines
[edit | edit source]- Amikacin
- Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)[note 37]
- Bedaquiline
- Clofazimine
- Cycloserine
- Delamanid
- Ethambutol
- Ethionamide[note 38]
- Isoniazid
- Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)
- Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin)
- Isoniazid/rifapentine (isoniazid + rifapentine)
- Levofloxacin
- Linezolid
- Meropenem[note 39]
- Moxifloxacin
- Moxifloxacin
- P-aminosalicylate sodium
- Pyrazinamide
- Rifampicin
- Rifapentine
- Streptomycin
Antifungal medicines
[edit | edit source]- Amphotericin B
- Fluconazole
- Flucytosine
- Griseofulvin
- Itraconazole[note 40]
- Nystatin
- Voriconazole[note 41]
Complementary:
Antiviral medicines
[edit | edit source]Antiherpes medicines
[edit | edit source]Antiretrovirals
[edit | edit source]Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
[edit | edit source]Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
[edit | edit source]Protease inhibitors
[edit | edit source]Integrase inhibitors
[edit | edit source]Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines
[edit | edit source]- Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine (abacavir + dolutegravir + lamivudine)
- Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine)
- Lamivudine/zidovudine (lamivudine + zidovudine)
Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections
[edit | edit source]- Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)
Other antivirals
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Antihepatitis medicines
[edit | edit source]Medicines for hepatitis B
[edit | edit source]Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
[edit | edit source]Medicines for hepatitis C
[edit | edit source]Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
[edit | edit source]- Daclatasvir[note 49]
- Daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (daclatasvir + sofosbuvir)
- Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (glecaprevir + pibrentasvir)
- Sofosbuvir[note 50]
- Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (sofosbuvir + velpatasvir)
Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Other antivirals for hepatitis C
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Antiprotozoal medicines
[edit | edit source]Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines
[edit | edit source]Antileishmaniasis medicines
[edit | edit source]Antimalarial medicines
[edit | edit source]Medicines for curative treatment
[edit | edit source]- Artemether[note 55]
- Artemether/lumefantrine (artemether + lumefantrine)
- Artesunate[note 55][note 56]
- Artesunate/amodiaquine (artesunate + amodiaquine)
- Artesunate/mefloquine (artesunate + mefloquine)
- Artesunate/pyronaridine tetraphosphate (artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate)
- Artesunate + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Co-packaged)
- Chloroquine[note 57]
- Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate (dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate)
- Primaquine[note 58]
- Quinine[note 55]
Medicines for chemoprevention
[edit | edit source]- Amodiaquine + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Co-packaged)
- Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine)
Medicines for chemoprophylaxis in travellers
[edit | edit source]Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines
[edit | edit source]Antitrypanosomal medicines
[edit | edit source]African trypanosomiasis
[edit | edit source]Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis
[edit | edit source]Medicines for the treatment of 2nd stage African trypanosomiasis
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
American trypanosomiasis
[edit | edit source]Medicines for ectoparasitic infections
[edit | edit source]Medicines for Ebola virus disease
[edit | edit source]Medicines for COVID-19
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for cystic fibrosis
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Immunomodulators and Antineoplastics
[edit | edit source]Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Antineoplastic and supportive medicines
[edit | edit source]Cytotoxic medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Arsenic trioxideα
- Asparaginaseα[note 66]
- Bleomycinα
- Calcium folinate (leucovorin calcium)α
- Carboplatinα
- Cisplatinα
- Cyclophosphamideα
- Cytarabineα
- Dacarbazineα
- Dactinomycinα
- Daunorubicinα
- Doxorubicinα
- Doxorubicin (as pegylated liposomal)α
- Etoposideα
- Fluorouracilα
- Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide)α
- Ifosfamideα
- Irinotecanα
- Mercaptopurineα
- Methotrexateα
- Oxaliplatinα
- Paclitaxelα
- Pegaspargaseα[note 66]
- Procarbazineα
- Realgar-Indigo naturalis formulationα
- Tioguanineα
- Vinblastineα
- Vincristineα
- Vinorelbineα
Targeted therapies
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- All-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) (ATRA)α
- Dasatinibα
- Everolimusα
- Imatinibα
- Nilotinibα
- Rituximabα[note 66]
Immunomodulators
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Hormones and antihormones
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Supportive medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Therapeutic foods
[edit | edit source]Medicines affecting the blood
[edit | edit source]Antianaemia medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines affecting coagulation
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines for haemoglobinopathies
[edit | edit source]Medicines for sickle-cell disease
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Deferoxamineα
- Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide)α
Medicines for thalassaemias
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Blood products, coagulation factors and plasma substitutes
[edit | edit source]Blood and blood components
[edit | edit source]- Cryoprecipitate, pathogen-reduced[note 72]
- Fresh frozen plasma
- Platelets
- Red blood cells
- Whole blood
Human immunoglobulins
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Coagulation factors
[edit | edit source]- Coagulation factor VIII, plasma-derived
- Coagulation factor IX, plasma-derived
- Coagulation factor VIII, recombinant
- Coagulation factor IX, recombinant
Plasma substitutes
[edit | edit source]Cardiovascular medicines
[edit | edit source]Antianginal medicines
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Antiarrhythmic medicines
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Antihypertensive medicines
[edit | edit source]Medicines used in heart failure
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Antithrombotic medicines
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Lipid-lowering agents
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Fixed-dose combinations for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Dermatological medicines
[edit | edit source]Antifungal medicines
[edit | edit source]Anti-infective medicines
[edit | edit source]Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
[edit | edit source]Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Scabicides and pediculicides
[edit | edit source]Moisturizers
[edit | edit source]Sunscreens, broad-spectrum
[edit | edit source]Diagnostic agents
[edit | edit source]Ophthalmic medicines
[edit | edit source]Radiocontrast media
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Antiseptics and disinfectants
[edit | edit source]Antiseptics
[edit | edit source]Disinfectants
[edit | edit source]Diuretics
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Gastrointestinal medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Antiulcer medicines
[edit | edit source]Antiemetic medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Anti-inflammatory medicines
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Laxatives
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines used in diarrhoea
[edit | edit source]- Oral rehydration salts + zinc sulfate (Co-packaged)
Oral rehydration
[edit | edit source]Medicines for diarrhoea
[edit | edit source]Medicines for endocrine disorders
[edit | edit source]Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
[edit | edit source]Androgens
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Estrogens
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Progestogens
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for diabetes
[edit | edit source]Insulins
[edit | edit source]- Insulin (analogue, long-acting)[note 90]
- Insulin (analogue, rapid-acting)[note 91]
- Insulin (human, intermediate-acting)[note 66]
- Insulin (human, short-acting)[note 66]
Hypoglycaemic agents
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines for hypoglycaemia
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Iodine + potassium iodide (Lugol's solution)α
- Methimazoleα[note 92]
- Potassium iodideα
- Propylthiouracilα[note 93]
Medicines for disorders of the pituitary hormone system
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Immunologicals
[edit | edit source]Diagnostic agents
[edit | edit source]- Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)
Sera, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies
[edit | edit source]- Anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies[note 66]
- Antivenom immunoglobulin[note 94]
- Diphtheria antitoxin
- Equine rabies immunoglobulin
Vaccines
[edit | edit source]- BCG vaccine
- Cholera vaccine
- Dengue vaccine
- Diphtheria vaccine
- Ebola vaccine
- Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
- Hepatitis A vaccine
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine
- Influenza vaccine (seasonal)
- Japanese encephalitis vaccine
- Malaria vaccine
- Measles vaccine
- Meningococcal meningitis vaccine
- Mpox vaccine
- Mumps vaccine
- Pertussis vaccine
- Pneumococcal vaccine
- Poliomyelitis vaccine
- Rabies vaccine
- Rotavirus vaccine
- Rubella vaccine
- Tetanus vaccine
- Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
- Typhoid vaccine
- Varicella vaccine
- Yellow fever vaccine
Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Ophthalmological preparations
[edit | edit source]Anti-infective agents
[edit | edit source]- Aciclovir
- Azithromycin
- Erythromycin
- Gentamicin[note 96]
- Natamycin
- Ofloxacin[note 97]
- Tetracycline[note 98]
Anti-inflammatory agents
[edit | edit source]Local anaesthetics
[edit | edit source]Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Mydriatics
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)α
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care
[edit | edit source]Contraceptives
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Ovulation inducers
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Uterotonics
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for medical abortion
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Antioxytocics (tocolytics)
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Other medicines administered to the mother
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines administered to the neonate
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Alprostadil (prostaglandin E1)α[note 101]
- Beractantα
- Ibuprofenα[note 102]
- Poractant alfaα
Peritoneal dialysis solution
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition in accordance with local clinical guidelines.)α
Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders
[edit | edit source]Medicines used in psychotic disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines used in mood disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines used in depressive disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines used in bipolar disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for anxiety disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for alcohol use disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for nicotine use disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines for opioid use disorders
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Medicines acting on the respiratory tract
[edit | edit source]Antiasthmatic medicines
[edit | edit source]- Budesonide[note 103]
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Salbutamol (albuterol)[note 104]
Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances
[edit | edit source]Oral
[edit | edit source]Parenteral
[edit | edit source]- Glucose
- Glucose with sodium chloride
- Potassium chloride
- Sodium chloride
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Sodium lactate, compound solution
Miscellaneous
[edit | edit source]Vitamins and minerals
[edit | edit source]- Ascorbic acid
- Colecalciferol[note 105]
- Iodine
- Multiple micronutrient powder
- Pyridoxine
- Retinol
- Riboflavin
- Thiamine
Complementary:
Ear, nose and throat medicines
[edit | edit source]Medicines for diseases of joints
[edit | edit source]Medicines used to treat gout
[edit | edit source]No listings in this section.
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
Medicines for juvenile joint diseases
[edit | edit source]Complementary:
- Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)[note 107]
- Adalimumabα[note 65]
- Methotrexateα
- Triamcinolone hexacetonideα[note 108]
Dental medicines and preparations
[edit | edit source]- Fluoride
- Glass ionomer cement
- Resin-based composite (low-viscosity)[note 109]
- Resin-based composite (high-viscosity)[note 110]
- Silver diamine fluoride
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ Piped nitrous oxide is a major source of atmospheric pollution from healthcare facilities. Point-of-care cylinders are the preferred delivery system over centrally-supplied (piped) delivery systems
- ^ Thiopental is an alternative
- ^ No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
- ^ Not in children less than three months.
- ^ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
- ^ Hydromorphone and oxycodone are alternatives
- ^ For the management of cancer pain
- ^ a b May be used for buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available
- ^ a b Dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron are alternatives
- ^ Cetirizine and fexofenadine are alternatives
- ^ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications.
- ^ a b c Prednisone is an alternative
- ^ Alternative formulations of activated charcoal may be used if granules are not available
- ^ For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
- ^ Diazepam (injection) and midazolam (injection) are alternatives
- ^ For use in eclampsia and severe pre‐eclampsia and not for other convulsant disorders
- ^ a b Valproic acid (sodium valproate) is not recommended in women and girls of childbearing potential owing to the high risk of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in children exposed to valproic acid (sodium valproate) in the womb
- ^ The presence of both 120 mg/5 mL and 125 mg/5mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided
- ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates
- ^ a b Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia
- ^ a b > 41 weeks corrected gestational age
- ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years
- ^ a b > three months
- ^ Moxidectin is an alternative
- ^ Arpraziquantel is an alternative
- ^ For use when praziquantel treatment fails.
- ^ > 1 month.
- ^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years.
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
- ^ Cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability
- ^ Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
- ^ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
- ^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
- ^ Erythromycin is an alternative.
- ^ Vancomycin powder for injection may also be used for oral administration
- ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only. Meropenem is the preferred choice for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates
- ^ For use only in combination with meropenem
- ^ Prothionamide is an alternative for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- ^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative
- ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients
- ^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis
- ^ Anidulafungin and caspofungin are alternatives
- ^ > six weeks
- ^ > three years
- ^ ≥ 4 weeks and ≥ 3 kg; ≥ 25 kg
- ^ For use in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines
- ^ Severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
- ^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
- ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
- ^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir
- ^ Proposed for deletion in 2027
- ^ > 25 kg
- ^ Tinidazole is an alternative
- ^ Liposomal amphotericin B has a better safety profile than the sodium deoxycholate formulation and should be prioritized for selection and use depending on local availability and cost
- ^ a b c For use in the management of severe malaria
- ^ For pre-referral treatment of severe malaria only.
- ^ For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection
- ^ For use to reduce the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections
- ^ For use only for prophylaxis of Plasmodium vivax infection
- ^ > eight years
- ^ For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
- ^ a b To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
- ^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection
- ^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
- ^ a b Etanercept and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Including quality-assured biosimilars
- ^ Biscuit or paste of nutritional composition as determined by the UN joint statement on the community-based management of severe acute malnutrition and Codex alimentarius guidelines
- ^ Epoetin alfa, beta and theta; darbepoetin alfa; and their quality-assured biosimilars are alternatives
- ^ Alternatives are dalteparin and nadroparin, including their quality-assured biosimilars
- ^ Acenocoumarol is an alternative
- ^ a b Deferiprone is an alternative
- ^ Cryoprecipitate (not pathogen-reduced) is an alternative. Native cryoprecipitate should only be used in situations of life-threatening haemorrhage when pathogen-reduced cryoprecipitate is not available
- ^ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is an alternative
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
- ^ > two months
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
- ^ Calcitriol and tacalcitol are alternatives
- ^ Podophyllotoxin is an alternative
- ^ Certolizumab pegol, etanercept, and infliximab, including quality-assured biosimilars, are alternatives
- ^ Precipitated sulfur topical ointment is an alternative
- ^ Atropine and cyclopentolate are alternatives
- ^ Propanol is an alternative
- ^ Iodine is an alternative
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
- ^ Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone are alternatives
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
- ^ In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts
- ^ Insulin glargine, Insulin degludec, and insulin detemir, including quality-assured biosimilars, are alternatives
- ^ Insulin lispro, Insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine, including quality-assured biosimilars, are alternatives
- ^ Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability
- ^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
- ^ Exact type to be defined locally.
- ^ Atracurium is an alternative
- ^ Amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin are alternatives
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
- ^ Chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are alternatives
- ^ Alternatives are 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
- ^ Cyclopentolate hydrochloride or homatropine hydrobromide are alternatives only for the EMLc
- ^ dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) is an alternative
- ^ Indometacin is an alternative
- ^ Beclometasone, ciclesonide, fluticasone, and mometasone are alternatives
- ^ Terbutaline is an alternative
- ^ Ergocalciferol is an alternative
- ^ Ofloxacin is an alternative
- ^ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease
- ^ Triamcinolone acetonide is an alternative
- ^ Of any type for use as dental sealant
- ^ Of any type for use as dental filling material
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c d e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Further reading
[edit | edit source]- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
External links
[edit | edit source]eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List
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