Udmurts

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Udmurts
Удмуртъёс
File:Flag of Udmurtia.svg
Flag of Udmurtia
File:Udmurts 1907.jpg
Udmurts in 1907
Total population
396,000 (2021)
Regions with significant populations
Udmurtia
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia386,465 (2021)
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan5,824 (2009)
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine4,712 (2001)[1]
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia193 (2011)[2]
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia179–197 (2023)[3][4]
Languages
Udmurt, Russian
Religion
Majority:
Russian Orthodoxy
Minority:
Udmurt Vos
Protestantism
Pentecostalism[5]
Islam[6]
Related ethnic groups
Other Permians, especially Besermyan

The Udmurts (Udmurt: Удмуртъёс, Udmurtjos) are a Permian (Finno-Ugric)[7] ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. They mainly live in the republic of Udmurtia in Russia.

Etymology

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The name Udmurt comes from *odo-mort 'meadow people', from the Permic root *od(o)[8] 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery' and murt 'person' (cf. Komi mort, Mari mari, Mordvin mirď-), probably an early borrowing from an Iranian language (such as Scythian): *mertä or *martiya meaning 'person, man' (cf. Persian mard). This, in turn, is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term *maryá- 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die' (< PIE *mer- 'to die'), compare Old Indic márya 'young warrior' and Old Indic marut 'chariot warrior', both connected specifically with horses and chariots.[9] This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as lugovye lyudi 'meadow people', alongside the traditional Russian name otyaki.[10]

On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general. Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh, who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto-Iranian entirely: *anta-marta meaning 'resident of outskirts, border zone' (cf. Antes) → Proto-Permic *odə-mort → Udmurt udmurt.[11]

Under the Russian Empire, Udmurts were mainly called by the exonyms Chud Otyatskaya (чудь отяцкая), Otyaks, Wotyaks[12] or Votyaks. Today these names are considered offensive by Udmurts themselves and are mainly used against those who have forgotten the Udmurt language. The Udmurts are closely related to Komis to their north, both linguistically and culturally.[citation needed]

Distribution

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File:Ареал расселения удмуртов в Волго-Уральском регионе. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года..png
Udmurt resettlement area in the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region (data based on the 2010 Russian Census

Most Udmurt people live in Udmurtia. Small groups live in the neighboring areas of Kirov Oblast and Perm Krai, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Mari El.[citation needed]

The Udmurt population is shrinking; the Russian Census reported 552,299 in 2010, down from the 2002 Russian census figure of 637,000, in turn down from 746,562 in 1989.[citation needed] The 2021 census counted fewer Udmurts than had the 1926 census.

Udmurts in Russia (1926–2021)
Census 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010 2021
Population 503,970 599,893 615,640 678,393 685,718 714,883 636,906 552,299 386,465
Percentage 0.54% 0.55% 0.52% 0.52% 0.50% 0.49% 0.45% 0.40% 0.30%

Culture

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See also: Udmurt cuisine
File:Wotyaks (Udmurts).jpg
Udmurts wearing traditional outfits, 1870
File:Кузебай Герд.jpg
The Udmurt poet Kuzebay Gerd (1898–1937)

The Udmurt language belongs to the Uralic family.

The Udmurts have a national epic called Dorvyzhy. Their national musical instruments include the krez zither (similar to the Russian gusli) and a pipe-like wind instrument called the chipchirghan.[13]

A chapter in the 1776 book Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people.[12][better source needed] James George Frazer also mentions a rite performed by the people in his book The Golden Bough.[14]

Many Udmurt people have red hair,[15][16] and a festival to celebrate the red-haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004.[17]

The Udmurts used to be semi-nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities. However, most Udmurts now live in towns. Although the clan-based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists, its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture.[18]

Genetics

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According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others (2018), the majority (about 70%) of Udmurt men carry the haplogroup N. The high frequency of this East Eurasian-related haplogroup is a common pattern among Uralic-speaking peoples. Most Udmurt men belong to the subclade N1c and 16.8 percent of them belong the subclade N1b-P43. The second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is R1a (19%).[19]

The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts is U (23.5%). Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades U2 (10.4%) and U5 (9.3%). Nearly as common is H (22.5%). Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include T (16.5%), D (11%) and Z (6%).[19]

File:Ancestry proportions of 1194 individuals.png
Autosomal ancestry proportions of Udmurts and other populations.[20]

When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts, around 30 percent of it is Nganasan-like.[19][21] This Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking peoples. The rest can be modelled to be mostly Steppe-like with a smaller eastern hunter-gatherer component,[19] or Srubnaya-like.[21] It is common for Northeastern Europeans to have a high level of Steppe-related admixture.[19]

Notable people

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See also

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  • Besermyan (considered a subgroup of the Udmurts)

References

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  1. ^ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
  2. ^ RL0428: Rahvastik rahvuse, soo ja elukoha järgi, 31. detsember 2011
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP
  5. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  9. ^ Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.
  10. ^ A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", Linguistica Uralica Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.
  11. ^ Белых С. К., Напольских В. В. Этноним удмурт: исчерпаны ли альтернативы? Linguistica Uralica. T. 30, № 4. Tallinn, 1994.
  12. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., French translation of Johann Gottlieb Georgi, Beschreibung aller Nationen des Russischen Reichs, ihrer Lebensart, Religion, Gebräuche, Wohnungen, Kleidung und übrigen Merkwürdigkeiten
  13. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  14. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ^ Mapped: Which countries have the most redheads? - The Telegraph
  16. ^ The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC News
  17. ^ Рыжий фестиваль - 2017 Archived 2020-11-06 at the Wayback Machine - Izhevsk city portal
  18. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ^ a b c d e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  21. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Further reading

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