Tucanoan languages

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Not to be confused with Tacanan languages.
Tukánoan
Geographic
distribution		Amazon
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions
  • Eastern
  • Western
Language codes
Glottologtuca1253
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File:Tukano Languages.png
East Tukano (nuclear green), Central Tukano (turquoise green) and West Tukano (dark green). Dots indicate current locations of the various languages. Shaded areas indicate their extents before the 20th century.

Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Language contact

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Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.[1]

Classification

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Chacon (2014)

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There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.[3]

  • Tucanoan
    • Western Tucanoan
      • ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
      • Napo
        • Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
        • Correguaje–Secoya
          • Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
          • Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
            • ?Macaguaje (a.k.a. Kakawahe, Piohé) †
            • Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
            • Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
            • ?Tama †
    • Eastern Tucanoan
      • South
      • West
        • Barasana–Macuna
          • Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
          • Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
        • Cubeo–Desano
      • East
        • Central
        • North
          • Kotiria–Piratapuyo
            • Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
            • Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
          • Pisamira–Yuruti

Plus unclassified Miriti.†

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016)

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Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]

(† = extinct)

Loukotka (1968)

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Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]

Vocabulary

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Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]

Language Branch head eye hand one two three water fire sun star maize jaguar axe
Tucano I dex-póa kaxpéri tomógha nĩkáno peáro itiáro axkó pexkáme mũhípũ yãxkõá ohóka yaí kumé
Uaíana I dé-paue kape oama ikãpeleko peápeleko itiapeleko óko pekáne muhĩpü yõkõá olikaleko yéi kóme
Tuyuca I déx-píu kaxfea uamo txixkálo peálo ixtiéro oxkó pexkámene mũhĩphfu yãxkõá ohólika yéi kumé
Waikína I dax-púa káxfea umuká axkakiró péaro tíaro axkó pexkáka axsé yapíkoa yó nodogé komé
Uantya I kapéga uamó óko pekáme muipem ñokoam yahi kumúa
Bará I dex-féa kapéka anó hixkága peága tixtíaga oxkó pexkáme mũhífũ yöxkóã ódixka yeído kómea
Uanána I dax-púa kaxpádi dapáro kéliã peáro tíaro kó pxtxáka sé yapítxoa iyó yaído kúma
Uasöna II de-póue káxea oámu hikálo peálo itíalo óko pekáme múhípe yókóaː olíka yái komé
Tsölá II rix-fóa kuíri ámo híkã péga ixtíale óxko péro múhífú yóxkõã ohólika yái kómea
Urubu-Tapuya II re-kapeã uamon óko péro muipem ñokon oriká kumuá
Pamöä II rea-poá kapé uamon hokó paʔáro muipem yakopaké oriká kumuä
Patsoca II kapé uamó óko pekaró muipum ñonkóãn oriká dyahi komé
Möxdöá II rea-poa kapea oamó hikän pángara éteaná okó péro moépo áríka yáhi koméa
Sära Sära lix-hóga káxea áma hohogá héaga ediaga ida péame ómakani yoxkó ohólika yái kómea
Omöá Sära dix-hóga káxea hóga héaga ediago éde heáme amakai yoxkoá ohólika yái kumá
Buhágana Sära tix-hóga kaxea ámo kohága héaga ediága íde héame ómãkãyi yóxko oholika yái kumá
Macuna Sära ri-hóga kaea ámo íde éa úmakanö tapia áre yáiya
Erulia Erulia lix-hóga káxfea uamó kóla héãlã edíala óxko heáme mũhihũ yõxkóã ohólika yái kumá
Tsölöa Erulia rix-hóa káxea ámo gohé héa idía oxkó heáno muhíhú yoxkó ohólika yáí kúmoa
Palanoa Erulia lix-hoá káxea ámo óxko heáne muhíhu yoxkó ohólika yái kúmoa
Cubeo Cubeo hi-póbe hi-yakóli pubu kũinálõ pekálõã dópekelõã okó toá auiyá abiákoa ueá yauí kométako
Dyuremáwa Cubeo hi-póbi dya-kóli pilí kuináro pikáro dyobekiro okó toábo avía abíakoli veá dyaví hoekí
Hehénawa Cubeo hi-póbí ya-kóli pilí kwináro pikaːro yobekiro okó toábo aviá abíakoli veá yawí hoéki
Bahúkiwa Cubeo hí-póbi dyá-koli pilí kuinárõã pikárõã dyóbekirõã okó toaːbo aviá abiákoli veá dyaví hoekí
Desána Desána dex-púru yéle mohópama yũhúge péye eléye dexkó peáme abé néyãxkã ohólexka ye kumé
Chiranga Desána dix-púlu kudiru muhá uhúpũnu perú ilerú dexko piámeʔe abé naiukamo húdeka diéche kumé
Yahuna Yahuna líupukóa hiyakóli pitaka ínoho ípo makalaka ókoa peká ihía tãapíã oáka yaia kómeá
Tanimuca Yahuna dupukoa ñákua pitaka ókoa peka ayáka tapia wáka yáiya
Yupuá Yupuá kúele yaːkõá múho tzyundyá axpedyá aleddyá déxko píele aué yóxkólo óo yí kúmi
Durina Yupuá kúrʔ díölö móhu chun apáina áʔalia pílö áwe yokolo óho diwórekö kúmi
Coretu Coretu sí-roho sia-kokia muhú námare nahárakiare masírakiáre kótapu hékiekie háya yákohe mitólikere híyai kumú
Tama Western xixo-pué nakoba teyo káyapa choteyo okó toá enesé mañeguai keá edyai supo
Coreguaje Western sixó-pués nankoká xẽte óko toá ense mañokó weá chaí supú
Amaguaje Western zium-bue nañka hente teo kayapa toazumba óko toa ense manúko bea ayroyai supó
Icaguate Western hente toazumba toa enze mañoko
Siona Western sixum-bué nankoka enté teheke samú oko toá ensé mañoko gueá ayroxai supó
Pjoje Western siom-pwö nánkoa höntö tayo kayayé toasoñé ókó towá öntsö mánioko wéa yaí súpo
Cóto Western tsíong ñákoa óteperé teyong tépe báwabwö óko towaʔa báñi túku béa yái dzöʔó

Proto-language

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Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):[5]

gloss proto-Tukanoan
3rd.person.masculine *-pi
agouti *wuɨ
ant sp. *meka
aracu fish[6] *p’ot’ika
armadillo *pãmu
back *sõkɨ
bat *ojo
big *pahi
(to) bite *kũ
black *tj’ĩ
black ink (jenipapo) *weʔe
blood *tj’ie
blow *pu-
bone *k’oʔa
(to) break *p’ope (*poa)
breast *upe
buriti palm *neʔe
capybara *kuetju
cara (Dioscorea alata) *japi
case *-t’e
centipede; boa *jãk’i
charcoal (1) *nitti
charcoal (2); grease *neo
cheek *wajo
chew *tj’ãk’ɨ
chili *p’ia
cold *tjɨsi
kapok *jɨi
(to) cut *t’ɨtte
dance / ritualized songs *p’aja
deer *jama
dove *ƭʃɨ-
duck *p’ete
ear *k’ãp’o
egg *tj’ia
elder *p’ɨkɨ
elevated structure (shelves, roof, etc.) (jirau) *kaja
(to) end *pet’i
excrement *k’ɨt’a
face *tj’ia
father *pa-kɨ
feminine *-k’o
fire / firewood *peka
fish; fish sp. (?) *waʔi
(to) fish with a net; strain, remove *wajo
fishing net *p’api
float *paʔja
flower *k’oʔo
foot *k’ɨp’o
fruit sp. *toa
Inga (fruit sp.) *p’ene
garden; outside; village *wese
gather / collect *tʃɨ-a
grandfather *jẽkku-
grape *ɨʔje
grass *taja
green / blue / not ripe *tjɨ̃p’e
hand; palm (of the hand) *pɨtɨ
head *tj’ɨpo
heavy *t’ɨkkɨ
heron *jahi
hole *k’ope
hot; heat *atjɨ
house; anthill *wɨ’e
hummingbird *mimi
I *jɨʔɨ
insect sp. *tjusi
jaguar *jai
kingfisher *tjãsa
know *masi
lake *tj’itta
land / territory / region *jep’a
larva *p’ekko
leg; hips; knee *jɨ̃ka
locative / part-of-a-whole *-t’o
distant *tj’oa
macaw *maha
man *ɨmɨ
manioc *kɨi
monkey *takke
monkey sp. / coati *sisi
mosquito *mɨte
mouth *tj’ɨse (*jɨ-ʔo)
name *wãmi
navel *tʃõp’ɨ
non-3rd animate person -p’ɨ
nose *ɨ̃kʷ’e
paca *seme
pacu fish *uhu
palm weevil *pĩko
parrot *wekko
path *maʔa
peccary *tjẽse
penis *no-
people; 1.pl.inclusive *p’ã-tjã
(to) plant *otte
poison *tjima
pot / ceramics / clay *sot-
pupunha palm *ɨne
red *sõʔa
river *tj’ia
root *t’ɨ̃k ’o
(to) rub *sĩk’e
(to) sit
(to) sleep *kã-
(to) smoke meat *sɨʔjo
snake *ãja
spider *p’ɨpɨ
spirit; ancestral *wãtti
(to) squeeze *p’ipo
(to) stop *nɨk’V
stone *k’ɨ̃ta
stump; stick, club *tu-tu
(to) swell *p’upi
tapir *wekkɨ
termite *p’utu
thorn; fishhook *pota
three *ɨt’ia
thunder *wɨ̃po
toad sp. *p’opa
tobacco *mɨt’o
tocandira ant *piata
tongue / liver *tj’eme
tooth *k’õpi
tortoise; turtle *k’oɨ
toucan *tj’ase (?)
traira fish *t’oje
tree *tjũkkɨ
(to) urinate *k’one
urucum (achiote) *p’õsa
(to) wait *kʷɨt’e
wasp *utti
water *okko
white; whitewash *p’o-
wife *t’ɨ̃po
wind *wĩno
woman *t’õmi-
woodpecker *kone
yam *jãp’o
you all *mɨ-tja

References

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  1. ^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
  2. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
  6. ^ Aracus. amazonwaters.org

Bibliography

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  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
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Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions

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