Sambalpuri language

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"Kosli language" redirects here. Not to be confused with "Kosali", a term also used for Awadhi and related languages.

Sambalpuri
Western Odia
ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ
'Sambalpuri' in Odia script
Native toIndia
RegionWestern Odisha
EthnicityOdias
Native speakers
2.63 million (2011 census)[1]
Odia[2][3][4]
Language codes
ISO 639-3spv
Glottologsamb1325  Sambalpuri
west2384  Western Oriya
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Sambalpuri speaking areas in Odisha and Chhattisgarh
This article contains Odia text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Odia script.

File:WIKITONGUES- Nicolas speaking Sadri, Kharia, and Sambalpuri.webm Sambalpuri (Odia: [sɔmbɔlɔpuɾi]) is an Indo-Aryan language variety of Odia language spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali (with variants Kosli, Koshal and Koshali),[5] a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.[6][7]

Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia,[8] and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication.[9] A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.[10]

Geographical Distribution

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Distribution of Sambalpuri language in the district of Odisha[11]
  1. Bargarh (42.9%)
  2. Subarnapur (13.8%)
  3. Balangir (12.7%)
  4. Sambalpur (10.4%)
  5. Jharsuguda (9.30%)
  6. Nuapada (5.50%)
  7. Boudh (3.40%)
  8. Sundargarh (1.60%)
  9. Kalahandi (0.40%)

There were 2.63 million people in India who declared their language to be Sambalpuri at the 2011 census, almost all of them residents in Odisha.[11] These speakers were mostly concentrated in the districts of Bargarh (1,130,000 speakers), Subarnapur (364,000), Balangir (335,000), Sambalpur (275,000), Jharsuguda (245,000), Nuapada (145,000), Baudh (90,700), Sundargarh (42,700) and Kalahandi (11,545).[12]

Script

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The inscriptions and literary works from the Western Odisha region used the Odia script, which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of Sonepur State[13] and also through the major epic Kosalananda Kavya composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the Sambalpur State, which was written in Sanskrit in Odia script.[14]

The Devanagari script may have been used in the past,[15] (the Hindi language was mandated in administration and education in Sambalpur for the brief period 1895–1901)[16]

There are many eminent poets from Sambalpuri language, PadmaShree Haldhar Nag, Khageswar seth, Hemachandra Acharya has contributed a lot for the language.

NRI Poet Prasanta Meher, Poet Ranjit Padhan, Hemanta Deep and many other are made remarkable contribution modern time.

Phonology

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Sambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes.[17]

Sambalpuri vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e (o)
Low a ɔ

There are no long vowels in Sambalpuri just like Standard Odia.

Sambalpuri consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar
/Dental 		Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t ʈ tʃ k
voiceless aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡ
voiced aspirated bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s ɦ
Trill/Flap ɾ ɽ~ɽʱ
Lateral approximant l
Approximant w j

Sambalpuri shows the loss of retroflex consonant like voiced retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ] (ଳ) which are present in Standard Odia, and a limited usage of retroflex unaspirated nasal (voiced retroflex nasal) ɳ (ଣ).[18]

Characteristics

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The following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia:[19]

Some key features include-

  • r-insertion: insertion or paragogue of /r/ at the end of Sambalpuri verbs
  • Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope of certain word medial vowels, with exceptions seen in -ai diphthongs.
  • Vowel Harmony: a shift of /o/ to /u/. This is also seen in the Baleswari Odia dialect and to an extent the Ganjami Odia dialect.
  • Word Final Vowel Deletion: Apocope of word-final schwa (see Schwa deletion).
  • Voiced retroflex consonant usage: Absence of voiced retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ] (ଳ) and limited usage of voiced retroflex nasal ɳ (ଣ).[18]

Voiced retroflex consonant

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
କଣ (kaṇa) କଣ୍ (kaṇ) what

Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛibā) padhibā ପଢ଼୍‌ବାର୍ (paṛbār) padhbār to study
ଗାଧେଇବା (gādheibā) ଗାଧ୍‌ବାର୍ (gādhbār) to bath
ହସିବା (hasibā) ହସ୍‌ବାର୍ (hasbār) to laugh
ବୁଲିବା (bulibā) ବୁଲ୍‌ବାର୍ (bulbār) to roam
ରାନ୍ଧିବା (rāndhibā) ରାନ୍ଧ୍‌ବାର୍ (rāndhbār) to cook
ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā) ଖେଲ୍‌ବାର୍ (khelbār) to play

Exceptions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion: seen in '-ai' diphthongs

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
ଖାଇବା (khāibā) ଖାଏବାର୍ (khāebār) to eat
ଗାଇବା (gāibā) ଗାଏବାର୍ (gāebār) to sing
ପାଇବା (pāibā) ପାଏବାର୍ (pāebār) to get
ହାଇ (hāi) ହାଇ (hāi) yawn
ଗାଇ (gāi) ଗାଏ (gāe) cow

Vowel Harmony: 'o' to 'u' phoneme shift, feature also seen in Baleswari Odia dialect

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
ଶୋଇବା (soibā) ସୁଇବାର୍ (suibār) to sleep
ଖୋଜିବା (khojibā) ଖୁଜ୍‌ବାର୍ (khujbār) to search

Lengthening of Vowel Sound: vowels which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
ପାଣି (pāṇi) ପାଏନ୍ (pāen) water
ଚାରି (cāri) ଚାଏର୍ (cāer) four

Consonant shift- shift of 'ḷ' phoneme to 'l'

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
ଫଳ (phaḷa) ଫଲ୍ (phal) fruit

Word Final Vowel Deletion(Schwa deletion Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
ଭଲ (bhala) ଭଲ୍ (bhal) good
ବାଘ (bāgha) ବାଘ୍ (bāgh) tiger
କୁକୁର (kukura) କୁକୁର୍ (kukur) dog
ଲୋକ (loka) ଲୋକ୍ (lok) people
ଗଛ (gacha) ଗଛ୍ (gach) tree
ଫୁଲ (phula) ଫୁଲ୍ (phul) flower
ଭାତ (bhāta) ଭାତ୍ (bhāt) rice
ଘର (ghara) ଘର୍ (ghar) house

Sambalpuri words

Standard Odia Sambalpuri Meaning
ମାଛ (mācha) ଝୁରି (jhuri) fish
ବାଣ (bāṇa) ଫଟ୍କା (phatka) firecracker

Language movement

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There has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution.[20][21]

Literature

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  • Satya Narayan Bohidar, writer and pioneer of Sambalpuri literature. Notable works include Ṭikcaham̐rā (1975), Sambalapurī bhāshāra sabda-bibhaba: bā, Saṃkshipta Sambalapurī byākaraṇa o racanā (1977)[22]
  • Prayag Dutta Joshi, Sambalpuri writer
  • Nil Madhab Panigrahi, wrote Mahabharat Katha[23]
  • Haldhar Nag, Sambalpuri poet popularly known as "Lok kabi Ratna". His notable Sambalpuri works are Lokgeet, Samparda, Krushnaguru, Mahasati Urmila, Tara Mandodari, Achhia, Bacchhar, Siri Somalai, Veer Surendra Sai, Karamsani, Rasia Kavi, Prem Paechan.[24] His works has been compiled into "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali"[25] and "Surata". He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2016.[26][27]
  • Prafulla Kumar Tripathy, compiled the Sambalpuri-Odia Dictionary- Samalpuri Odia Shabdakosha (2001).[28]
  • Hema Chandra Acharya, wrote Ram Raha (2001), the Sambalpuri version of the Ramayana.[29]

See also

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References

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  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Sambalpuri language at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access icon
  6. ^ Dash 1990, pp. 4–5.
  7. ^ G. Sahu 2001, pp. 7–8.
  8. ^ G.K. Sahu 2002, pp. 1–2.
  9. ^ Patel (n.d.) cited in Mathai & Kelsall (2013, p. 3)
  10. ^ Mathai & Kelsall 2013, pp. 4–6. The precise figures are 75–76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.
  11. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  14. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ^ Mathai & Kelsall 2013, p. 3.
  16. ^ Untitled-13 Archived 17 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  18. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  20. ^ Plea to include Kosli in 8th Schedule of Constitution
  21. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  22. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  23. ^ Panigrahi, Nil Madhab, "Mahabharat Katha", Lark books, Bhubaneswar, 1996, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  24. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  25. ^ Nag, Haldhar, "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali", compiler – Dwarikanath Nayak, Bidya Prakashan, Cuttack, 2000, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (Five PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet)
  26. ^ 5 PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet
  27. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  28. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  29. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Bibliography

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