STL polyomavirus
| STL polyomavirus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification Edit this classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Monodnaviria |
| Kingdom: | Shotokuvirae |
| Phylum: | Cossaviricota |
| Class: | Papovaviricetes |
| Order: | Sepolyvirales |
| Family: | Polyomaviridae |
| Genus: | Deltapolyomavirus |
| Species: | Deltapolyomavirus undecihominis
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| Synonyms | |
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STL polyomavirus (STLPyV, also known as Saint Louis polyomavirus or Human polyomavirus 11) is a virus of the polyomavirus family that infects human hosts. It was first reported in 2013 and is most closely related to MW polyomavirus.[1] It has been identified mostly in stool samples from children and has been detected in a variety of geographic locations.[2]
Discovery
[edit | edit source]STL polyomavirus was first discovered in 2013 in a stool sample from a healthy child in Malawi; the same research group then detected the virus in stool from children in The Gambia and Saint Louis, Missouri (after which the virus was named).[1] The designation "STL polyomavirus" was included in the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses proposed classification of polyomaviruses. It was the 11th human polyomavirus to be discovered.[3]
Genome
[edit | edit source]The organization of the STLPyV genome is typical of polyomaviruses. At around 4.8 kilobase pairs in length, it contains genes for the small tumor antigen and large tumor antigen, a novel additional tumor antigen, and three viral coat proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3.[1] It is most closely related to MW polyomavirus, also first isolated from a child in Malawi.[4] Different STLPyV isolates have a relatively large amount of sequence variation, up to approximately 5%; this pattern is similar to both MWPyV and the much better characterized BK polyomavirus.[1][4][5]
A distinctive characteristic of the STLPyV genome is its alternatively spliced tumor antigen; in addition to the small and large tumor antigens highly conserved in polyomaviruses, STLPyV also expresses a third tumor antigen designated 229T, which contains a novel fusion of portions of the small and large tumor antigen sequences.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]Among the human polyomaviruses, STLPyV is most closely related to MWPyV; like MWPyV, its genome suggests different ancestries for the large tumor antigen and the major capsid protein VP1, implying that the virus might have evolved from an ancestral recombination event.[1][4]
In the 2015 taxonomic update to the polyomavirus group, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses classified STLPyV in the genus Deltapolyomavirus. This genus contains four viruses that infect humans: HPyV6, HPyV7, MW polyomavirus, and STL polyomavirus.[3]
Prevalence
[edit | edit source]All known human polyomaviruses are fairly common in healthy adult populations and are usually asymptomatic. In a study that profiled polyomavirus seroprevalence, or prevalence of detectable antibodies against viral proteins indicating either past or present exposure in immunocompetent adults, the estimate of STLPyV prevalence was approximately 70%, with an age distribution consistent with transmission of maternal antibodies combined with early childhood infection.[6] Studies of the presence of viral DNA, indicating active viral replication, suggest STLPyV prevalence in the range of 1-2% of children.[1][2][7]
References
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