Protochlorophyllide reductase
This article is missing information about taxonomic distribution of EC 1.3.1.33; InterPro refs for both. (March 2022) |
| light-dependent protochlorophyllide reductase | |||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 1.3.1.33 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 68518-04-7 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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| light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:Dpor.png Crystallographic structure of heterooctamer of a dark-operative protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase from Prochlorococcus marinus.[1] | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 1.3.7.7 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
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In enzymology, protochlorophyllide reductases (POR)[2][3] are enzymes that catalyze the conversion from protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide a. They are oxidoreductases participating in the biosynthetic pathway to chlorophylls.[4][5]
There are two structurally unrelated proteins with this sort of activity, referred to as light-dependent (LPOR) and dark-operative (DPOR). The light- and NADPH-dependent reductase is part of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily and is found in plants and oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria,[6][7] while the ATP-dependent dark-operative version is a completely different protein, consisting of three subunits that exhibit significant sequence and quaternary structure similarity to the three subunits of nitrogenase.[8] This enzyme may be evolutionary older; due to its bound iron-sulfur clusters is highly sensitive to free oxygen and does not function if the atmospheric oxygen concentration exceeds about 3%.[9] It is possible that evolutionary pressure associated with the great oxidation event resulted in the development of the light-dependent system.
The light-dependent version (EC 1.3.1.33) uses NADPH:
- protochlorophyllide + NADPH + H+ chlorophyllide a + NADP+
While the light-independent or dark-operative version (EC 1.3.7.7) uses ATP and ferredoxin:[10][11][12]
- protochlorophyllide a + reduced ferredoxin + 2 ATP + 2 H2O = chlorophyllide a + oxidized ferredoxin + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate
Light-dependent
[edit | edit source]The light-dependent version has the accepted name protochlorophyllide reductase. The systematic name is chlorophyllide-a :NADP+ 7,8-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NADPH2-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, NADPH-protochlorophyllide reductase, protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, and protochlorophyllide photooxidoreductase.
LPOR is one of only three known light-dependent enzymes. The enzyme enables light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction via direct local hydride transfer from NADPH and a longer-range proton transfer along a defined structural pathway.[13] LPOR is a ~40kDa monomeric enzyme, for which the structure has been solved by X-ray crystallography. It is part of the SDR superfamily, which includes alcohol dehydrogenase, and consists of a Rossman-fold NADPH-binding site and a substrate-specific C-terminal segment region. The protochlorophyllide substrate is thought to bind to a cavity near the nicotinamide end of the bound NADPH.[7][13] LPOR is primarily found in plants and oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, as well as in some algae.
Light-independent
[edit | edit source]The light-independent version has the accepted name of ferredoxin:protochlorophyllide reductase (ATP-dependent). Systematically it is known as ATP-dependent ferredoxin:protochlorophyllide-a 7,8-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase and dark-operative protochlorophyllide reductase (DPOR).
DPOR is a nitrogenase homologue[8] and adopts an almost identical overall architecture arrangement to both nitrogenase as well as the downstream chlorophyllide a reductase (COR). The enzyme consists of a catalytic heterotetramer and two transiently-bound ATPase dimers (right).[14] Similar to nitrogenase, the reduction mechanism relies on an electron transfer from the iron-sulfur cluster of the ATPase domain, through a secondary cluster on the catalytic heterotetramer and finally to the protochlorophyllide-bound active site (which, distinct from nitrogenase, does not contain FeMoco). The reduction requires significantly less input than the nitrogenase reaction, requiring only a 2-electron reduction and 4 ATP equivalents, and as such may require an auto-inhibitory mechanism to avoid over-activity.[15]
DPOR can alternatively take as its substrate the compound with a second vinyl group (instead of an ethyl group) in the structure, in which case the reaction is
- 3,8-divinylprotochlorophyllide + reduced ferredoxin + 2 ATP + 2 H2O 3,8-divinylchlorophyllide a + oxidized ferredoxin + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate
This enzyme is present in photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, green algae and gymnosperms.[4][16]
See also
[edit | edit source]References
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- ^ a b Yuichi Fujita and Carl E. Bauer (2000). Reconstitution of Light-independent Protochlorophyllide Reductase from Purified Bchl and BchN-BchB Subunits. J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 31, 23583-23588. [1]
- ^ S.Yamazaki, J.Nomata, Y.Fujita (2006) Differential operation of dual protochlorophyllide reductases for chlorophyll biosynthesis in response to environmental oxygen levels in the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana. Plant Physiology, 2006, 142, 911-922 [2]
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