Porsche 963

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Porsche 963
File:2024 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Porsche Penske Motorsport Porsche 963 No.5 (DSC02380).jpg
The No. 5 963 at the 2024 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps
CategoryLMDh
ConstructorPorsche (Multimatic)
DesignersGrant Larson (Director of Special Projects, Style Porsche)[1]
Stéphane Lenglin (Exterior Designer)[2]
Christian Eifrig (Technical Project Manager)[3]
Stefan Moser (Head Engineer, Powertrain)[3]
PredecessorPorsche 919 Hybrid (LMP1)
Porsche RS Spyder (LMP2)
Technical specifications[4]
ChassisLMP2-based[5] carbon-fibre monocoque with aluminium honeycomb core
Suspension (front)Double wishbones, pushrods with power steering
Suspension (rear)Double wishbones, pushrods
Length5,100 mm (200.8 in)
Width2,000 mm (78.7 in)
Height1,060 mm (41.7 in)
Wheelbase3,148 mm (123.9 in)
EnginePorsche 9RD 4,593 cc (280.3 cu in) 90° V8 twin-turbocharged, 32-valve, DOHC mid-engine, longitudinally-mounted
Electric motorRear-mounted 50 kW (68 PS; 67 hp) spec MGU supplied by Bosch
TransmissionXtrac P1359 7-speed sequential manual[6]
Power500 kW (680 PS; 671 hp)
Weight1,030 kg (2,270.8 lb)
FuelTotalEnergies (WEC)
VP Racing Fuels (IMSA)
LubricantsMobil 1 (Porsche Penske Motorsports & Hertz Team Jota)
Motul (JDC–Miller MotorSports & Proton Competition)
BrakesAP Racing carbon 380/365mm with AP Monobloc 6-piston calipers[6]
TyresMichelin slicks with BBS one-piece forged alloys, 29/71-18 front and 34/71-18 rear[6]
Competition history
CompetitionFIA World Endurance Championship, IMSA SportsCar Championship
Notable entrants
Notable drivers
Debut2023 24 Hours of Daytona
First win2023 Grand Prix of Long Beach
Last win2025 Lone Star Le Mans
Last event2025 Petit Le Mans
RacesWinsPodiumsPolesF/Laps
40102772
Teams' Championships4 (2023 FIA WEC, 2024 FIA WEC, 2024 IMSA SCC, 2025 IMSA SCC)
Constructors' Championships2 (2024 IMSA SCC, 2025 IMSA SCC)
Drivers' Championships3 (2024 IMSA SCC, 2024 FIA WEC, 2025 IMSA SCC)

The Porsche 963 (Type 9R0) is an LMDh sports prototype racing car designed by Porsche and built by Multimatic, to compete in the Hypercar and GTP (Grand Touring Prototype) classes in the FIA World Endurance Championship and IMSA SportsCar Championship, respectively.[7] The 963 name draws inspiration from the Porsche 956 and Porsche 962 that raced in the 1980s, which also competed in American and European racing series.[8] The car was revealed at the 2022 Goodwood Festival of Speed, with a traditional red, white, and black livery.[9]

The official race debut of the 963 was at the 2023 24 Hours of Daytona, the season-opening round of the 2023 IMSA SportsCar Championship. The car was originally slated for a non-competitive dress rehearsal at the 2022 8 Hours of Bahrain,[10] however, Porsche decided later that they would not race at Bahrain in favour of more private testing time.[11] Porsche later announced that the first customer 963s would not be delivered until April 2023 due to delays caused by supply chain disruptions, forcing customer teams to miss the opening races of the IMSA SportsCar Championship and WEC, something that the teams understood when engaging in talks with Porsche to take delivery.[12]

Background

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File:Porsche 963 LMDh.jpg
Launch of the 963 at the 2022 Goodwood Festival of Speed

Porsche last competed in the FIA World Endurance Championship's top class, LMP1, back in 2017 with the Porsche 919 Hybrid, and in the IMSA SportsCar Championship with the Porsche RS Spyder in the LMP2 class, with the 919 taking outright championship victory in its final year of competition, and the RS Spyder taking outright championship victory in the American Le Mans Series and class championship victory in the European Le Mans Series.[13][14] Following the withdrawal of Porsche's factory LMP1 and LMP2 teams from the World Endurance Championship and American Le Mans Series, Porsche maintained a presence in the lower classes with continued factory support for the 911 RSR in the American Le Mans Series' GT2 (later GTLM) class, and in the World Endurance Championship's GTE class.[15][16] The Automobile Club de l'Ouest, the organiser of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, issued a statement regarding the matter, saying that the club "regrets this precipitous departure, as it does the abruptness of the decision from one of endurance racing's most successful and lauded manufacturers".[17]

As part of the LMDh regulations, interested parties can choose four constructors to partner with to construct the chassis upon to which design the car, those four constructors being Oreca, Ligier, Multimatic and Dallara.[18] Head of Porsche Motorsport Pascal Zurlinden announced in March 2020 that Porsche would be evaluating an entry into LMDh, saying "Porsche is seriously looking into it, but there is no decision yet".[19] This was followed up with an announcement in December that year that development of a LMDh project would commence, meaning Porsche would be the first manufacturer to commit to the LMDh class.[20]

A multi-year partnership with Team Penske to run the factory team under the banner of Porsche Penske Motorsport was announced in May 2021. The announcement marked the commencement of third major collaboration with between Porsche and Team Penske, continuing a decades-old relationship that began with the Porsche 917/30 in Can-Am and blossomed again with the Porsche RS Spyder in LMP2 class of the ALMS. The collaboration aimed to debut with two entries each in the top classes of the 2023 FIA World Endurance Championship and 2023 IMSA SportsCar Championship.[21]

Vice President of Porsche Motorsport Fritz Enzinger commented that "Porsche and Penske shared a proven track record of success" and that "In the long list of victories to date, however, the name Le Mans has been missing. I hope that we will finally be able to chalk up this success as of 2023 with Porsche Penske Motorsport. This would then mark Porsche's 20th overall victory at the Sarthe - a dream come true."[21]

In the same month, Multimatic was revealed to be the constructor that would supply the chassis for which Porsche would design bodywork, with Enzinger saying that "Multimatic is the most obvious and logical solution for us", and that "We have known this highly respected company and its team of experienced professionals for many years and are absolutely convinced of the quality of their work".[22]

Testing commenced at the beginning of 2022, with the first tests being at Porsche's test track at Weissach,[23] where the car's engine choice was also revealed, that being a twin-turbocharged V8, which is developed from the engine found in the Porsche 918 which in turn was developed from the 3,397 cc (207.3 cu in) V8 found in the Porsche RS Spyder, paired with the standardised hybrid parts provided by Williams Advanced Engineering, Bosch and Xtrac.[24][25] This was followed by an extensive testing program at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya and the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, where the car covered over 6,000 km (3,728 mi).[26][27][28]

Porsche also announced in May 2022 that four 963s would be allocated to customers for 2023, at the cost of $2.9 million per car, with full factory support.[29][30] JDC–Miller Motorsports and JOTA Sport both announced on 25 June that they would take delivery of one car each, with JDC MotorSport campaigning the 963 in the IMSA SportsCar Championship and JOTA fielding the car in the FIA World Endurance Championship. In November 2022, Proton Competition was revealed to have purchased the remaining 2 customer entries, fielding a single entry in each in the WEC and IMSA in 2023.[31][32][33]

Racing history

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2023

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File:JDC Porsche 963 WGI23 10.jpg
The No. 5 963 at the 2023 Sahlen's Six Hours of The Glen.

Due to supply-chain constraints, Porsche Penske Motorsport, the factory team, was the only team that could field the 963 at its debut at the 2023 24 Hours of Daytona.[34]

The 963 made its first appearance in the practice sessions of the 2023 24 Hours of Daytona alongside the other new GTP cars., the BMW M Hybrid V8, the Acura ARX-06, and the Cadillac V-LMDh. The 963 was often right behind the ARX-06s of Meyer Shank Racing and Wayne Taylor Racing, with the former leading all five practice sessions, bar the last one.[35][36] During the race, both Porsches were beset by reliability issues, with significant time spent in the garages: No. 7 was the first to come in, losing 35 laps to replace a faulty battery,[37] and Tandy – in No. 6 – had been running in contention for overall victory in the morning until a gearbox failure ended his race.[38]

The Porsche 963 took its first victory in IMSA competition on the Streets of Long Beach with Mathieu Jaminet and Nick Tandy driving.[39] In the season's fourth round, the Motul Course de Monterey, Matt Campbell took the car's first pole position while Tandy's No. 6 started second and van der Helm's No. 5 JDC–Miller Motorsports car qualified ninth.[40] The No. 6 car recovered to second after a slow start. Campbell hit the No. 94 Andretti Autosport Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3, losing time as he served a drive-through penalty. A crash at turn 10 after Nasr relieved Campbell relegated the No. 7 car to ninth. Tijmen van der Helm and Mike Rockenfeller finished seventh in JDC–Miller Motorsports first race with the car.[41][42][43] At Watkins Glen, Tandy and Jaminet started from pole position after qualifying was cancelled.[44] Porsche Penske Motorsport's No. 6 car battled for the win. Through a better pit-stop strategy, the No. 6 Porsche overtook the No. 31 Cadillac and the No. 60 Acura and rejoined in second with 40 minutes remaining.[45][46] Jaminet overtook Connor De Phillippi in the final minutes before the race ended behind the safety car.[47] The No. 7 car was in contention until Nasr sustained an issue with the hybrid system and spent 2 hours replacing the battery, gearbox and rear axle.[48] It later emerged onto the track and finished 52nd overall. Later, the No. 6 Porsche was disqualified for illegal skid block wear.[49]

2024

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File:Porsche Penske Motorsport - Porsche 963 -4 (53815931325).jpg
The No. 4 963 at the 2024 24 Hours of Le Mans.

The 963 was highly competitive in both the 2024 FIA World Endurance Championship and the 2024 IMSA SportsCar Championship. The 963 took its first major endurance race victory with a win in the 24 Hours of Daytona, with Porsche Penske Motorsport winning with drivers Dane Cameron, Matt Campbell, Felipe Nasr, and Josef Newgarden.[50] Porsche also later achieved their first victory in the FIA WEC since 2017 at the 2024 Qatar 1812 km, taking home 1st and 3rd, with Hertz Team Jota's customer No. 12 entry in 2nd, completing a podium sweep for the 963, the first Hypercar to do so since the Le Mans Hypercar regulations were introduced in 2021.[51]

The factory Porsche Penskes managed to secure a 1-2 finish in the IMSA GTP Drivers' Championship and the IMSA Michelin Endurance Cup. The No. 7 driven by Dane Cameron and Felipe Nasr won the overall drivers' title, scoring a podium in all but two races.[52] JDC–Miller MotorSports' No. 85 customer entry also scored a podium in the 2024 IMSA Battle on the Bricks after the No. 6 factory Porsche Penske was penalized when a modification of the homologated wiring harness was discovered.[53][54]

File:DSC 0226 (53719626149).jpg
The No. 12 963 (pictured in the 2024 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps) ran by Jota won the 2024 FIA World Cup for Hypercar Teams.

The 963 saw two additional wins in the 2024 FIA WEC season after Qatar, including one from Hertz Team Jota, where their No. 12 car piloted by Callum Ilott and Will Stevens won the 2024 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, making them the first customer entry to win a race overall in the series since the introduction of the Hypercar regulations, and the first privateer to do so since Rebellion Racing at the 2020 Lone Star Le Mans.[55] The Spa round was also Proton Competition's most competitive race that year, as their No. 99 car with Julien Andlauer and Neel Jani were towards the front fighting for the race lead, ultimately finishing in 5th.[56] Andlauer also secured the fastest lap of the race. The factory Porsche Penske cars' consistency and reliability would allow them to podium in all but two races that year, and particularly for the No. 6, its performance throughout the season meant they would beat Ferrari and Toyota to the Drivers' Championship, however they would fall short of the Manufacturers' Championship, finishing two points behind Toyota.[57] Hertz Team Jota won the 2024 FIA World Cup for Hypercar Teams as the highest scoring customer team that season.[58]

2025

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Porsche saw a dominant start to their IMSA campaign with the 963, winning the first four races of the season at Daytona, Sebring, Long Beach, and Laguna Seca.[59] Their start at WEC was not as fruitful, struggling to keep up with the front runners with a best finish of 8th in its first three races of the season. At the 2025 24 Hours of Le Mans, the 963 saw its best result in the endurance race, the #6 car finishing 2nd overall, 14 seconds behind the race winning #83 Ferrari 499P from AF Corse. The #6 had started the race from the back of the grid in its class, after suffering a disqualification due to a weight infraction. Had it won, it would have been the lowest starting position before a race win in the history of the event.[60][61]

On 7 October, Porsche announced that they would end their factory programme in the FIA World Endurance Championship after 2026 following financial losses.[62]

Racing results

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Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results

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(key) Races in bold indicates pole position. Races in italics indicates fastest lap.

Year Entrants Class Drivers No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pts. Pos.
2023 Porsche Penske Motorsport GTP DAY SEB LBH LAG WGL MOS ELK IMS PET 2691 4th
France Mathieu Jaminet 6 Ret Ret 1 2 9 5 7 1 Ret
United Kingdom Nick Tandy Ret Ret 1 2 9 5 7 1 Ret
United States Dane Cameron Ret Ret
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor Ret
Australia Matt Campbell 7 7 Ret 3 9 7 6 1 2 4 2691 5th
Brazil Felipe Nasr 7 Ret 3 9 7 6 1 2 4
Denmark Michael Christensen 7 Ret
United States Josef Newgarden 4
JDC-Miller MotorSports Germany Mike Rockenfeller 5 7 4 4 5 8 5 1660 9th
Netherlands Tijmen van der Helm 7 4 4 5 8 5
United Kingdom Jenson Button 5
Proton Competition Italy Gianmaria Bruni 59 8 9 3 814 15th
United Kingdom Harry Tincknell 8 9 3
Switzerland Neel Jani 3
2024 Proton Competition GTP DAY SEB LBH LGA DET WGL ELK IMS ATL 2372 9th
Italy Gianmaria Bruni 5 5 8 5 10 Ret 7 5 5 6
Belgium Alessio Picariello 5 8 5 6
France Romain Dumas 5
Switzerland Neel Jani 5
France Julien Andlauer 8
Germany Mike Rockenfeller 5
Netherlands Bent Viscaal 10 Ret 7 5 5 6
Porsche Penske Motorsport France Mathieu Jaminet 6 4 9 4 1 2 3 1 Ret 2 2869 2nd
United Kingdom Nick Tandy 4 9 4 1 2 3 1 Ret 2
France Kévin Estre 4 2
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor 4
France Frédéric Makowiecki 9
United States Dane Cameron 7 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 Ret 3 2982 1st
Brazil Felipe Nasr 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 Ret 3
Australia Matt Campbell 1 3 3
United States Josef Newgarden 1
JDC-Miller MotorSports United Kingdom Richard Westbrook 85 6 Ret 7 8 8 Ret 6 3 Ret 2331 10th
Netherlands Tijmen van der Helm 6 Ret 7 8 8 Ret 6 3 Ret
United Kingdom Philip Hanson 6 Ret Ret 3 Ret
United States Ben Keating 6
2025 Proton Competition GTP DAY SEB LBH LGA DET WGL ELK IMS ATL 705 13th
France Julien Andlauer 5 Ret
Switzerland Neel Jani Ret 6 Ret
Chile Nico Pino Ret 6 Ret
France Tristan Vautier Ret 6
Argentina Nicolás Varrone Ret
Porsche Penske Motorsport Australia Matt Campbell 6 3 2 2 1 3 4 5 7 3 2907 1st
France Kévin Estre 3 2 3
France Mathieu Jaminet 3 2 2 1 3 4 5 7 3
Brazil Felipe Nasr 7 1 1 1 2 4 Ret 11 12 10 2689 3rd
United Kingdom Nick Tandy 1 1 1 2 4 Ret 11 12 10
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor 1 1 10
JDC–Miller MotorSports United States Bryce Aron 85 6 2139 10th
Italy Gianmaria Bruni 6 8 10 9 Ret Ret 10
Netherlands Tijmen van der Helm 6 8 10 9 Ret Ret 10 8 12
Germany Pascal Wehrlein 6
Switzerland Nico Müller 8 8
United States Max Esterson 12
Switzerland Neel Jani 12
Sources:[63][64]

Complete IMSA Michelin Endurance Cup results

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(key) Races in bold indicates pole position. Races in italics indicates fastest lap.

Year Entrants Class Drivers No. 1 2 3 4 5 Pts. Pos.
2023 Porsche Penske Motorsport GTP DAY SEB WGL PET 27 6th
France Mathieu Jaminet 6 Ret Ret 9 Ret
United Kingdom Nick Tandy Ret Ret 9 Ret
United States Dane Cameron Ret Ret
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor Ret
Australia Matt Campbell 7 7 Ret 7 4 30 4th
Brazil Felipe Nasr 7 Ret 7 4
Denmark Michael Christensen 7 Ret
United States Josef Newgarden 4
JDC-Miller MotorSports Germany Mike Rockenfeller 5 4 5 10 9th
Netherlands Tijmen van der Helm 4 5
United Kingdom Jenson Button 5
Proton Competition Italy Gianmaria Bruni 59 3 7 11th
United Kingdom Harry Tincknell 3
Switzerland Neel Jani 3
2024 Proton Competition GTP DAY SEB WGL IMS ATL 28 9th
Italy Gianmaria Bruni 5 5 8 7 5 6
Belgium Alessio Picariello 5 8 5 6
France Romain Dumas 5
Switzerland Neel Jani 5
France Julien Andlauer 8
Netherlands Bent Viscaal 7 5 6
Porsche Penske Motorsport France Mathieu Jaminet 6 4 9 3 Ret 2 42 3rd
United Kingdom Nick Tandy 4 9 3 Ret 2
France Kévin Estre 4 2
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor 4
France Frédéric Makowiecki 9
United States Dane Cameron 7 1 3 1 Ret 3 50 1st
Brazil Felipe Nasr 1 3 1 Ret 3
Australia Matt Campbell 1 3 3
United States Josef Newgarden 1
JDC-Miller MotorSports United Kingdom Richard Westbrook 85 6 Ret 9 3 Ret 32 6th
Netherlands Tijmen van der Helm 6 Ret 9 3 Ret
United Kingdom Philip Hanson 6 Ret 9 3 Ret
United States Ben Keating 6 Ret
2025 Proton Competition GTP DAY SEB WGL IMS ATL 18 13th
France Julien Andlauer 5 Ret
Switzerland Neel Jani Ret 6 Ret
Chile Nico Pino Ret 6 Ret
France Tristan Vautier Ret 6
Argentina Nicolás Varrone Ret
Porsche Penske Motorsport Australia Matt Campbell 6 3 2 4 7 3 44 3rd
France Kévin Estre 3 2 3
France Mathieu Jaminet 3 2 4 7 3
Brazil Felipe Nasr 7 1 1 Ret 12 10 46 1st
United Kingdom Nick Tandy 1 1 Ret 12 10
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor 1 1 10
JDC–Miller MotorSports United States Bryce Aron 85 6 28 9th
Italy Gianmaria Bruni 6 8 Ret
Netherlands Tijmen van der Helm 6 8 Ret 8 12
Germany Pascal Wehrlein 6
Switzerland Nico Müller 8 8
United States Max Esterson 12
Switzerland Neel Jani 12
Sources:[65][66]

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

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(key) Races in bold indicates pole position. Races in italics indicates fastest lap.

Year Entrants Class Drivers No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Points Pos
2023 Porsche Penske Motorsport Hypercar SEB POR SPA LMN MON FUJ BHR 99 3rd
United States Dane Cameron 5 5 10 4 9 4 12 7
Denmark Michael Christensen 5 10 4 9 4 12 7
France Frédéric Makowiecki 5 10 4 9 4 12 7
France Kévin Estre 6 6 3 Ret 11 7 3 5
Germany André Lotterer 6 3 Ret 11 7 3 5
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor 6 3 Ret 11 7 3 5
France Mathieu Jaminet 75 Ret
Brazil Felipe Nasr Ret
United Kingdom Nick Tandy Ret
Hertz Team Jota*** Portugal António Félix da Costa 38 6 13 9 6 4 163 1st
United Kingdom Will Stevens 6 13 9 6 4
China Yifei Ye 6 13 9 6 4
Proton Competition*** Italy Gianmaria Bruni 99 Ret 9 10 45 2nd
United Kingdom Harry Tincknell Ret 9 10
Switzerland Neel Jani Ret 9 10
2024 Porsche Penske Motorsport Hypercar QAT IMO SPA LMN SAP COA FUJ BHR 188 2nd
Australia Matt Campbell 5 3 3 Ret 6 3 7 Ret 2
Denmark Michael Christensen 3 3 Ret 6 3 7 Ret 2
France Frédéric Makowiecki 3 3 Ret 6 3 7 Ret 2
France Kévin Estre 6 1 2 2 4 2 6 1 10
Germany André Lotterer 1 2 2 4 2 6 1 10
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor 1 2 2 4 2 6 1 10
France Mathieu Jaminet 4 Ret
Brazil Felipe Nasr Ret
United Kingdom Nick Tandy Ret
Hertz Team Jota*** United Kingdom Callum Ilott 12 2 14 1 8 18 NC 5 13 183 1st
United Kingdom Will Stevens 2 14 1 8 18 NC 5 13
France Norman Nato 2 14 8 18 NC 5 13
United Kingdom Jenson Button 38 NC 11 Ret 9 7 10 6 7 153 2nd
United Kingdom Philip Hanson NC 11 Ret 9 7 10 6 7
Denmark Oliver Rasmussen NC 11 Ret 9 7 10 6 7
Proton Competition*** France Julien Andlauer 99 10 NC 5 14 15 11 11 12 139 4th
Switzerland Neel Jani 10 NC 5 14 15 11 11 12
United Kingdom Harry Tincknell 10 NC 14 11 11 12
2025 Porsche Penske Motorsport Hypercar QAT IMO SPA LMN SAO COA FUJ BHR 165 3rd
France Julien Andlauer 5 10 11 12 6 3 10 4 14
Denmark Michael Christensen 10 11 12 6 3 10 4
France Mathieu Jaminet 10 11 6 10 4 14
Switzerland Nico Müller 12
Germany Laurin Heinrich 14
Australia Matt Campbell 6 11 8 2 1 13
France Kévin Estre 11 8 9 2 4 1 3 13
Belgium Laurens Vanthoor 11 8 9 2 4 1 3 13
Germany Pascal Wehrlein 9
Brazil Felipe Nasr 4 8
United Kingdom Nick Tandy 8
Germany Pascal Wehrlein[67] 8
Proton Competition*** Switzerland Neel Jani 99 15 14 Ret 12 10 13 11 17 162 2nd
Chile Nico Pino 15 14 Ret 12 10 13 11 17
Argentina Nicolás Varrone 15 14 Ret 12 10 13 11 17
Source:[68]

* Season still in progress.
** Not eligible for championship points.
*** Points for 2023–2025 for the FIA World Cup for Hypercar Teams

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File:2025 Porsche 963 RSP.jpg
Porsche 963 RSP

On 25 April 2025, Porsche teased a street-legal version of the 963, to be revealed in June 2025.[69] Its name, 963 RSP, is derived from the initials of the owner of Porsche's motorsport partner Team Penske, Roger Searle Penske.[70][71] Modifications to the vehicle include turn signals, brake lights, a higher ride height, bodywork changes and a cup holder. It is built as a one-off for Penske and cost in the range of €5 million.[71]

The hybrid V8 powertrain and seven-speed sequential gearbox from Xtrac were carried over directly from the race car, though not without a few essential tweaks. The rear-mounted electric motor and generator were remapped to deliver power more smoothly, while the mid-mounted, twin-turbo 4.6-liter V8, which is good for around 671 hp (500 kW / 680 PS), was reconfigured to run on standard pump gas. The 963 RSP has special permission from French authorities to be driven on public roads, however, it's not fully homologated. The car is only allowed on the street "under special circumstances and in accordance with local requirements."

References

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  50. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  51. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  52. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  53. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  54. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  55. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  56. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  57. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  58. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  59. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  60. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  61. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  62. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  63. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  66. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  67. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  70. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  71. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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