Outline of computer programming
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming:
Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding[1][2]) of algorithms in a target programming language. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.
History
[edit | edit source]- History of computer science
- History of computing hardware
- History of programming languages
- Computer programming in the punched card era
- Operating systems timeline
Platforms
[edit | edit source]- Computer
- Computer hardware
- Virtual machine
Paradigms
[edit | edit source]- Agent-oriented
- Aspect-oriented
- Automata-based
- Class-based
- Concatenative
- Concept
- Concurrent
- Data-driven
- Declarative (as opposed to imperative programming)
- Event-driven
- Expression-oriented
- Feature-oriented
- Function-level (as opposed to value-level programming)
- Generic
- Imperative (as opposed to declarative programming)
- Inductive programming
- Language-oriented (LOP)
- Non-structured (as opposed to Structured)
- Nondeterministic
- Probabilistic
- Process-oriented
- Role-oriented
- Semantic-oriented (SOP)
- Structured (as opposed to non-structured programming)
- Tacit
- Value-level (as opposed to function-level programming)
- Visual
Writing programs
[edit | edit source]Methodology
[edit | edit source]- Array programming
- End-user development
- Metaprogramming
- Recursion
- Separation of concerns
- Threaded coding
Algorithms
[edit | edit source]- List of algorithms
- List of algorithm general topics
- Algorithm characterizations
- Theory of computation
- Search algorithm
- Sorting algorithm
- Merge algorithm
- String algorithms
- Greedy algorithm
- Reduction
- Sequential algorithm
- Parallel algorithm
- Deterministic algorithm
- Randomized algorithm
- Quantum algorithm
Programming languages
[edit | edit source]Programming language – formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.
- Generational list of programming languages
- List of programming languages by type
- List of open-source programming languages
- Alphabetical list of programming languages
- Comparison of programming languages
- Programming language dialect
- Programming language theory
- Assembly language
- Macro
Attributes of programming languages
[edit | edit source]- Domain-specific language
- Dynamic programming language
- Esoteric programming language
- Extensible programming language
- High-level programming language
- Interpreted language
- Low-level programming language
- Machine programming language
- Multi-paradigm programming language
- Non-English-based programming language
- Object-based language
- Off-side rule programming language
- Reflective programming language
- Synchronous programming language
- Very high-level programming language
Popular languages
[edit | edit source]The top 20 most popular programming languages as of December 2025[update]:[3]
- Python
- C
- C++
- Java
- C#
- JavaScript
- Visual Basic .NET
- SQL
- Perl
- R
- Delphi/Object Pascal
- Fortran
- MATLAB
- Ada
- Go
- PHP
- Rust
- Scratch
- Assembly Language
- Kotlin
Anatomy of a programming language
[edit | edit source]Comparisons of programming languages
[edit | edit source]Programming language comparisons
- General comparison
- Basic syntax
- Basic instructions
- Exception handling
- Enumerated types
- Anonymous functions
- Conditional expressions
- Functional instructions
- Arrays
- Associative arrays
- String operations
- String functions
- List comprehension
- Object-oriented programming
- Object-oriented constructors
- While loops
- For loops
- Evaluation strategy
- List of "Hello World" programs
- Languages with dependent types
- Comparison of type systems
Comparisons of individual languages
[edit | edit source]- ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60
- ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages
- ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages
- Compatibility of C and C++
- Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi
- Comparison of Object Pascal and C
- Comparison of Pascal and C
- Comparison of Java and C++
- Comparison of C# and Java
- Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
- Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET
Compilation
[edit | edit source]Software
[edit | edit source]- Computer program
- Hello world (a common form of example program for learning programmers)
- Application software
- Programming software
- System software
Components
[edit | edit source]Software development
[edit | edit source]Software engineering
[edit | edit source]- Implementation
- Execution
- Software architecture
- Software reliability
- Software quality
- Software testing
- Software maintenance
- Software optimization
- Software brittleness
See also
[edit | edit source]- Outline of computers
- Outline of computing
- Outline of computer science
- Outline of the Internet
- Outline of software
- Types of software
- Outline of software development
- Outline of software engineering
- Outline of web design and web development
- Outline of computer programming
- Outline of computing
References
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External links
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- How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - by Jeffrey Elkner, Allen B. Downey and Chris Meyers