Neuropterida
| Neuropterida | |
|---|---|
| |
| Sialis lutaria (Megaloptera: Sialidae) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Clade: | Holometabola |
| Clade: | Aparaglossata |
| Clade: | Neuropteroidea |
| Clade: | Neuropterida |
| Orders | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
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Neuroptera sensu Palker, 1982 | |
The Neuropterida[1] are a clade of holometabolous insects, sometimes placed at the superorder level. The clade contains the orders Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions), Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies), and Raphidioptera (snakeflies), and includes over 5,700 described species.
Historically, the name Neuroptera referred to this entire group, but it now refers only to lacewings and their relatives (antlions), which were formerly known as Planipennia. As part of the Holometabola and related to beetles, they can be considered an unranked taxon. Arguably, the Holometabola might instead be considered an unranked clade, and divided into numerous superorders to signify the close relationships of certain holometabolan groups.[2]
Some authors formerly included the Mecoptera (scorpionflies) in Neuropterida, but they actually belong to the Mecopteroidea (or Antliophora), the holometabolan clade that also contains true flies and fleas.
Neuropterida are fairly primitive-looking insects with large wings but weak wing muscles, resulting in clumsy flight. Most adults are active at dusk or night, and many of the larvae are aquatic that live in rivers. The larvae, and in many cases the adults as well, are predators of small arthropods. Adult neuropteridans range in size from that of a midge to that of a large dragonfly (15 cm (5.9 in) wingspan); the largest species tend to resemble drab, clumsily flying damselflies.
The larvae of Neuroptera spins a cocoon of silk around them,[3] while a cocoon is absent in both Megaloptera and Raphidioptera, although the megalopteran genus Protohermes lines its pupal cell with coarse gravel partially bound with silk.[4][5]
In addition to the three living orders, the monotypic Rafaelidae are an entirely extinct family of Neuropterida. Their position is indeterminate but probably rather basal; thus, the single genus Rafaeliana from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation's Crato Member in Brazil might be better placed directly in the Neuropterida for the time being, without assigning it to an order, until relatives are found and/or its systematic position is better resolved.[2] The extinct order Glosselytrodea may also be a member or close relative, though its classification is unclear.[6]
A phylogenomic analysis published in 2023 confirmed the topology of the neuropterid orders and found the relationships between the families of Neuropterida as shown in the following phylogenetic tree.[7]
| Neuropterida |
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References
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- ^ a b Haaramo, Mikko (2008): Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Neuropterida. Version of 11 March 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
- ^ Evolution of lacewings and allied orders using anchored phylogenomics (Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera)
- ^ Pupation and the Pupa
- ^ Snakeflies | WSU Tree Fruit
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External links
[edit | edit source]- Oswald, John D. (2023). Neuropterida Species of the World. Lacewing Digital Library, Research Publication No. 1. (an online catalog of the Neuropterida species of the world)
- Oswald, John D. (2023). Bibliography of the Neuropterida. Lacewing Digital Library, Research Publication No. 2. (an online bibliography of the global scientific literature of the Neuropterida)
- Lacewing Digital Library (a web portal that provides access to a suite of online resources that contain data on the superorder Neuropterida)
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