Neoptera

Neoptera Temporal range:
File:Agapostemon texanus.jpg
Neopterans including bees (order Hymenoptera) can fold their wings over their abdomens.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Subclass:	Pterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera Martynov, 1923
Subgroups
Eumetabola Holometabola Paraneoptera Polyneoptera

Neoptera (Ancient Greek néos ("new") + pterón ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged insects, specifically those that can flex their wings over their abdomens. This is in contrast with the more basal orders of winged insects (the "Palaeoptera" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

Classification

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by А.М. Martynov in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:

Pterygota

• division Palaeoptera
  • order Odonata
  • order Agnatha (correct name: Ephemeroptera)
  • †order Dictyoneuridea
  • †order Megasecoptera
  • †order Meganisoptera
  • †order Protephemeroidea
• division Neoptera
  • superorder Endopterygota
    • order Coleoptera
    • order Strepsiptera
    • order Neuroptera
    • order Raphidioptera
    • order Megaloptera
    • order Diptera
    • order Mecoptera
    • order Trichoptera
    • order Lepidoptera
    • order Hymenoptera
  • subdivision Polyneoptera
    • superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
      • order Orthoptera
      • order Plecoptera
      • order Dermaptera
      • order Embioptera
      • order Phasmatodea
    • superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pandictyoptera)
      • order Blattodea
      • order Mantodea
    • subdivision Paraneoptera
      • order Hemiptera
        • suborder Auchenorrhyncha
        • suborder Coleorrhyncha
        • suborder Heteroptera
        • suborder Sternorrhyncha
      • subdivision Oligoneoptera

The order Thysanoptera originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera. Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

• Pterygota Gegenbaur 1878
  • Ephemeroptera Hyatt & Arms 1890
  • Metapterygota Börner 1909
    • Odonata Fabricius 1793
    • Neoptera Martynov 1923

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera, Johnson et al 2018 for the Paraneoptera (where Psocomorpha contains Phthiraptera), and Kjer et al 2016 for the Holometabola.

Neoptera

Polyneoptera Zoraptera (angel insects) File:Zorotypus guineensis (white background).jpg Dermaptera (earwigs) File:Earwig on white background.jpg Plecoptera (stoneflies) File:Neoperla clymene hor.png Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) File:Gryllidae usda.png Grylloblattodea (ice crawlers) File:Grylloblattidae (white background).jpg Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) File:Mantophasma zephyra (white background).jpg Phasmatodea (stick insects) File:Stick insect line diagram.png Embioptera (webspinners) File:Embia major hor.png Dictyoptera Mantodea (mantises) File:Stagmomantis carolina usda hor.png Blattodea (cockroaches and termites) File:Temnopteryx species Zebra Cockroach (white background).jpg Eumetabola Paraneoptera Condylognatha Thysanoptera (thrips) File:Thrips (PSF) (white background).png Hemiptera (true bugs) File:Dorisiana bicolor MHNT, Montsinéry, Guyane dos vol 2.jpg Psocodea (barklice inc. lice) File:Psocoptera (white background).jpg File:Lipeurus forficulatus f.png Holometabola Hymenopterida Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps) File:European wasp white bg.jpg Aparaglossata Neuropteroidea Neuropterida Raphidioptera (snakeflies) File:Raphidia icon.png Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) File:Corydalus cornutus illustration (rotated).png Neuroptera (lacewings and allies) File:Osmylus (white background).jpg Coleopterida Coleoptera (beetles) File:Pseudacrossus przewalskyi (Reitter, 1887).jpg Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) File:Elenchus koebelei.jpg Panorpida Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) File:RHYACOPHILA DORSALIS Male Pont Forge de Sailly Watigny 02 MHNT.jpg Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) File:Arctia villica SLU.JPG Antliophora Diptera (true flies) File:Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg Mecoptera (scorpionflies) File:Scorpionfly (white background).jpg Siphonaptera (fleas) File:Pulex irritans female ZSM (white background).jpg (Endopterygota)

External links

• Error creating thumbnail: File missing Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
• File:Wikispecies-logo.svg Data related to Neoptera at Wikispecies