Mảng language
| Mảng | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Vietnam, China |
| Ethnicity | Mảng |
Native speakers | (4,900 (2007 – 2009 census) 3,200 cited 1999 – 2007? census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zng |
| Glottolog | mang1378 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
Mảng (autonym: [maŋ35]; Chinese: 莽语; pinyin: Mǎngyǔ) is an Austroasiatic language of Vietnam, China, and Laos. It is spoken mainly in Lai Châu Province, Vietnam and across the border in Jinping County, China. It was first documented only in 1974.
In China, the Mảng people are also called Chaman (岔满), Abi (阿比), Mengga (孟嘎), Bageran (巴格然), and Mo (莫).[2] They are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Bulang (布朗族) (Jinping County Gazetteer 1994).
Distribution
[edit | edit source]In Lai Châu Province, Vietnam, Mảng is spoken by 2,200 people in the districts of Sìn Hồ, Mường Tè, Phong Thổ, and in other nearby areas,[2] including in Nậm Ban Township, Sìn Hồ District, Lai Châu Province.[3][4] In China, Mảng speakers numbered 606 people in 1999. The Mảng of China claim to have migrated from Vietnam in recent times. Gao's (2003) Mảng data is from Xinzhai (新寨), Nanke Village (南科村), and Jinshuihe Township (金水河镇[5]).
The Jinping County Gazetteer from the Republic of China period lists 12 Mảng villages: Gongdaniu (公打牛[6]), Luowuzhai (落邬寨), Pinghe (坪河, in Xiazhai 下寨,[7] Zhongzhai 中寨,[8] Shangzhai 上寨), Hetouzhai (河头寨), Guanmuzhai (管木寨), Naxizhai (纳西寨), Bianjiezhai (边界寨), Longshuzhai (龙树寨), Caoguoping (草果坪), and Nanke (南科[9]).
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | short | rounded | unrounded | short | rounded | short | |
| Close | i | ĭ | y | ɨ | ɨ̆ | u | ŭ |
| Mid | e | ĕ | ø | ɤ | ɤ̆ | o | ŏ |
| Open | ɛ | ɛ̆ | œ | a | ă | ɔ | ɔ̆ |
| Diphthong | iə | ɯə | uə | ||||
Diphthongs iə and ɯə are only found in closed syllables, while ua are more common in open syllables.[10]
Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | ||||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | θ | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | ʑ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ (ŋ̊) | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | (w) | ||||
Suprasegmentals (tone, register)
[edit | edit source]Mang is described as having five tones distributed in unchecked sonorant-final syllables and another two tones in checked syllables.
Lexicon
[edit | edit source]Numerals
[edit | edit source]The basic cardinal numbers from 1 to 1000 (transcribed in IPA) are:
| 1 | măk⁶ |
|---|---|
| 2 | ʑɯəi² |
| 3 | pe³ |
| 4 | pun² |
| 5 | hăn² |
| 6 | ʑɔ̆m² |
| 7 | tăm¹ py³ |
| 8 | tăm¹ ham² |
| 9 | tăm¹ θin² |
| 10 | ʑi³ mɛ⁴ |
| 100 | ran⁵~ʑan⁵ |
| 1000 | păn⁵ |
Vocabulary comparison
[edit | edit source]Comparison of some basic vocabulary words in Mảng with other branches of Austroasiatic:[11]
| Gloss | Mảng | proto-Waic / proto-Palaungic | Khmu | Bolyu | Bugan | proto-Vietic | Mon / Old Mon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘I’ | ʔuː⁴ | *ʔɨʔ / *ʔɔːʔ | ʔoʔ | ʔaːu⁵⁵ | ɔ³¹ | *soː | ʔoa / ʔɔj |
| ‘water’ | ʑum¹ | *rʔom / *ʔoːm | ʔom | nde⁵³ | nda²⁴ | *ɗaːk | dac / ɗaik |
| ‘two’ | ʑɨəj⁴ | *ləʔar / *ləʔaːr | baːr | mbi⁵⁵ | bi³¹ | *haːr | ba / ɓar |
| ‘fire’ | ɲɛ² | *ŋɒl / *ŋal | pʰrɨə | mat³³ | a̠u³¹ | *guːs | kəmot / – |
| ‘blood’ | haːm¹ | *hnam / *snaːm | maːm | saːm⁵³ | sa⁴⁴ | *ʔasaːmʔ | chim / chim |
| ‘five’ | han² | *phɒn / *pəsan | (Tay Hat sɔːŋ) | me³¹ | mi⁴⁴ | *ɗam | pəsɔn / sun |
| ‘eye’ | mat⁷ | *ʔŋaj / *ˀŋaːj | mat | mat⁵³ | mɛ̱³³ | *mat | mòt / mɔt |
Morphosyntax
[edit | edit source]Mảng is an analytic SVO language. However, unlike surrounding Kra-Dai and Hmong-Mien languages which are entirely absent of inflections, Mảng retains Austroasiatic derivational morphology and case-marking on nouns.[12]
θɔ
dog
cǎp
chase
ta-ɲo
ACC-cat
"The dog chases the cat."
ʔu
1SG
ʔo
give
lam
rice
ʔæŋ-ciəj
DAT-chicken
"I give rice to the chicken."
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Mảng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Gao (2003), p. 1
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