Muya language

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Muya
Munya
Native toChina
RegionSichuan
Native speakers
Eastern: 2,000 (2020)[1]
Western: 12,000 (2020)[1]
Dialects
  • East
  • West
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
emq – Eastern Minyag
wmg – Western Minyag
Glottologmuya1239
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File:Muya map.jpg
File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg
Muya is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Munya or Muya (simplified Chinese: 木雅语; traditional Chinese: 木雅語; also Manyak 曼牙科,[2] Menia 么呢阿;[3] Tibetan: མི་ཉག, Wylie: Mi nyak, THL: Minyak[4]) is one of the Qiangic languages spoken in China. There are two dialects, Western and Eastern, which are not mutually intelligible. Most research on Munya has been conducted by Ikeda Takumi. There are about 2,000 monolinguals.

Names

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The language has been spelled in various ways, including Manyak, Menya, Minyag, and Minyak. Other names for the language are Boba and Miyao.

Dialects

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Ethnologue (21st edition) lists two Muya dialects, namely Eastern (Nyagrong) and Western (Darmdo). Muya is spoken in

Sun (1991) documents Muya (木雅) of Liuba Township (六坝乡), Shade District (沙德区), Kangding County (康定县), Sichuan.[5]

Phonology

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Consonants[6]
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive oral p b t d k g q ɢ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
prenasalized ᵐpʰ ᵐb ⁿtʰ ⁿd ᵑkʰ ᵑg ᶰqʰ ᶰɢ
Affricate oral ts dz ʈʂ ɖʐ tɕ dʑ
aspirated tsʰ ʈʂʰ tɕʰ
prenasalized ⁿtsʰ ⁿdz ⁿʈʂʰ ⁿɖʐ ⁿtɕʰ ⁿdʑ
Fricative f v s z ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ x ɣ χ ʁ h ɦ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Approximant w l j
  • /ʑ/ can sometimes be heard as [r].
Vowels[6]
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
High i ĩ y ɯ ɯ̰ u ũ
Mid-high e ẽ ø o õ
Mid-low ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ
Low æ æ̰ ɐ ɐ̰ ɑ ɑ̃

Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /yi/, /ui/, /ie/, /ye/, /ue/, /uø/, /iɛ̃/, /yɛ/, /yɛ̃/, /uɛ/, /uæ/, /uæ̰/, /yɐ/, /yɐ̰/, /uɐ/, /yɯ/, /uɯ/, /yɑ/, /yɑ̃/, /uɑ/.

Muya also has four tones:[6]

  • [ ˥ ] - high, level
  • [ ˥˧ ] - high-falling
  • [ ˧˥ ] - high-rising
  • [ ˧ ] - mid, level
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In 2008, Bamu, a singer with the Jiuzhaigou Art Troupe in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan, recorded an album of Muya songs (木雅七韵).[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b Eastern Minyag at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Western Minyag at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Sun (1991), p. 219
  6. ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Bibliography

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Drolma, Dawa; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2016). Preliminary report on the Darmdo Minyag linguistic area, with a geolinguistic description of terms for ‘sun’.

Studies in Asian Geolinguistics 1. 72–78.

  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Minyak language elementary textbook, a project of the Kham Aid Foundation, 2009.
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