Instructive case
In grammar, the instructive case is a grammatical case used in Finnish, Estonian, and the Turkic languages.
Uralic languages
[edit | edit source]In Finnish, the instructive case is used to indicate means, manner, instrument, location, or time. It is almost exclusively used in fixed expressions, such as in omin silmin 'with one's own eyes'.[1] However, the instructive is productive for infinitive verbal constructions to indicate manner, as in nauraen 'laughing': He astuivat nauraen sisään 'They stepped in through the door laughing'.[2]
In modern Finnish, many of its instrumental uses are being superseded by the adessive case, as in minä matkustin junalla 'I travelled by train'.[citation needed]
The instructive case is only marginally present in Estonian in lexicalized expressions. Language reformers of the 20th century did try to revive it, but with little success.[3]
Turkish
[edit | edit source]In Turkish, the suffix -le is used for this purpose; for example, Trenle geldim 'I came via train'.[citation needed]
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ Karlsson (2018), p. 264.
- ^ Karlsson (2018), p. 265, 353.
- ^ Metslang (2017), p. 302.
References
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- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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