Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien
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(Redirected from Help:IPA for Hokkien) | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Taiwanese Hokkien on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Taiwanese Hokkien in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Taiwanese Hokkien (also called Taiwanese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Note that the Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) applied in this page is Ernest Tipson's version, while Chinese Examples are pronounced with literary reading with Taiwanese Romanization System (TL) spelling in default unless specified.
Consonants
[edit source]| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| p | p | ㄅ | 布 (pòo) | span | ||||
| pʰ | ph | ㄆ | 普 (phóo) | pan | ||||
| b | b | Error creating thumbnail: | 明 (bîng) | timber [a] | ||||
| m | m- | ㄇ | 媽 (má) | moon | ||||
| am, om, im | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B0.svg, File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B1.svg | 暗 (àm), 參 (som)[b], 心 (sim) | rim | |||||
| t | t | ㄉ | 端 (tuan) | stop | ||||
| tʰ | th | ㄊ | 透 (thò) | top | ||||
| l | l | ㄌ | 來 (lâi) | lime [c] | ||||
| n | n | ㄋ | 泥 (nî) | noon | ||||
| -n | ㄣ, ㄢ | 因 (in), 安 (an) | ||||||
| k | k | ㄍ | 見 (kiàn) | skin | ||||
| kʰ | kh | ㄎ | 溪 (khe) | kin | ||||
| ɡ | g | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A3.svg | 義 (gī) | finger [a] | ||||
| ŋ | ng- | File:Extended Bopomofo Ng.svg | 吳 (ngôo) | singer | ||||
| eng, ang, ong | ing, ang, ong | ㄥ, ㄤ, File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B2.svg | 櫻 (ing), 幫 (pang), 王 (ông) | song | ||||
| h | h | ㄏ | 曉 (hiáu) | hit | ||||
| ʔ | ∅ | 影 (íng, [ʔiə̯ŋ˥˩]) | uh-oh | |||||
| t͡s | ch [d] | ts | ㄗ | 走 (tsáu) | cats, usually retracted in most cases | |||
| t͡ɕ | ㄐ | 精 (tsing) | like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| t͡sʰ | chh [d] | tsh | ㄘ | 菜 (tshài) | cats | |||
| t͡ɕʰ | ㄑ | 市 (tshī) | like cheap, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| s | s | ㄙ | 三 (sam) | same | ||||
| ɕ | ㄒ | 審 (sím) | like sheep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized).[e] | |||||
| d͡z | j | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A1.svg | 熱 (jua̍h) | pads [f] | ||||
| z | zoo [g] | |||||||
| d͡ʑ | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A2.svg | 日 (ji̍t) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f][e] | |||||
| ʑ | like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g][e] | |||||||
| Note: Alveolo-palatal consonants ([t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [d͡ʑ / ʑ]) always precede [i] ⟨i / e⟩ as ⟨chi (tsi) / che⟩, ⟨chhi (tshi) / chhe⟩, ⟨si / se⟩, and ⟨ji⟩. | ||||||||
| Syllabic consonants | ||||||||
| m̩ | -m | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AC.svg | 姆 (ḿ) | rhythm | ||||
| ŋ̍ | -ng | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AD.svg | 光 (kng)[h] | song [i] | ||||
| Stop consonant finals | ||||||||
| p̚ | -p | ◌ㄅ | 合 (ha̍p) | like sip, but no audible release; apt | ||||
| t̚ | -t | ◌ㄉ | 七 (tshit) | like sit, but no audible release | ||||
| k̚ | -k | ◌ㄍ | 角 (kak) | like sick, but no audible release | ||||
| ʔ | -h | ◌ㄏ | 桌 (toh) | uh-oh | ||||
Vowels
[edit source]| Vowels | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation | |||
| a | a | ㄚ | 鴨 (ah) | father | ||||
| e | e | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A4.svg | 家 (ke) | day | ||||
| ɤ | o | o/or[j] | ㄜ | 高 (kor) | Roughly like bird [k] | |||
| o | o | ㄛ | 高 (ko) | story [l] | ||||
| ɔ | o͘ [m] | oo | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A6.svg | 烏 (oo) | off | |||
| ong, om, op, ok |
File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B2.svg, File:Extended Bopomofo U+31B1.svg, File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A6.svgㄅ, File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A6.svgㄍ |
福 (hok) | ||||||
| i | i | ㄧ [n] | 一 (it) | see [o] | ||||
| u | u | ㄨ | 武 (bú) | cool [p] | ||||
| Diphthongs | ||||||||
| ai̯ | ai | ㄞ | 愛 (ài) | fight [o] | ||||
| au̯ | au | ㄠ | 交 (kau) | out [p] | ||||
| i̯a | ia | ㄧㄚ | 射 (siā) | Russia | ||||
| i̯ɛ | ian, iat | ㄧㄢ, ㄧㄚㄉ | 電 (tiān), 結 (kiat) | yes [q] | ||||
| iə̯ | eng, ek | ing, ik | ㄧㄥ, ㄧㄍ | 英 (ing), 色 (sik) | eon [r][k] | |||
| i̯ə | io | ior | ㄧㄜ | 腰 (ior)[k] | ||||
| i̯o | io | ㄧㄛ | 腰 (io)[l] | Leo | ||||
| i̯ɔ | iong, iok | ㄧFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31B2.svg, ㄧFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31A6.svgㄍ | 中 (tiong), 欲 (io̍k) | kiosk | ||||
| i̯u | iu | ㄧㄨ | 手 (tshiú) | dew | ||||
| u̯a | oa | ua | ㄨㄚ | 化 (huà) | like suave | |||
| u̯e | oe | ue | ㄨFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31A4.svg | 尾 (bué)[b] | question | |||
| u̯i | ui | ㄨㄧ | 水 (suí) | we | ||||
| Triphthongs | ||||||||
| i̯au̯ | iau | ㄧㄠ | 妖 (iau) | meow [o][p] | ||||
| u̯ai̯ | oai | uai | ㄨㄞ | 怪 (kuài) | quiet [o] | |||
| Nasal vowels | ||||||||
| ◌̃ | m◌, n◌, ng◌ | ㄇ◌, ㄋ◌, File:Extended Bopomofo Ng.svg◌ | 鰻 (muâ), 梁 (niû), 迎 (ngiâ) | Nasalized vowel(s) [s] | ||||
| ã | an | ann | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A9.svg | 衫 (sann) | like naive; nasalized [a] | |||
| ẽ | en | enn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A5.svg | 青 (tsenn)[b] | like next; nasalized [e] [t] | |||
| ĩ | in | inn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AA.svg [n] | 圓 (înn) | like niece; nasalized [i] | |||
| ɔ̃ | on | onn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A7.svg | 否 (hónn) | French: son; nasalized [ɔ] | |||
| ãĩ̯ | ain | ainn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31AE.svg | 載 (tsáinn) | like nine; nasalized [ai̯] | |||
| ĩ̯ã | ian | iann | ㄧFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31A9.svg | 兄 (hiann) | roughly like civilian; nasalized [i̯a] | |||
| ĩ̯ũ | iun | iunn | ㄧFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31AB.svg | 羊 (iûnn)[h] | like new; nasalized [i̯u] [u] | |||
| ũ̯ã | oan | uann | ㄨFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31A9.svg | 官 (kuann) | roughly like squander; nasalized [u̯a] | |||
| ũ̯ĩ | uin | uinn | ㄨFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31B3.svg | 快 (khuìnn)[h] | roughly like twin; nasalized [u̯i] | |||
| ĩ̯ãũ̯ | iaun | iaunn | ㄧFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31AF.svg | 喓 (iaunn) | like meow; nasalized [i̯au̯] | |||
| ũ̯ãĩ̯ | oain | uainn | ㄨFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31AE.svg | 關 (kuainn)[b] | roughly like wine; nasalized [u̯ai̯] [v] | |||
| Note: ⟨◌n⟩ in POJ is sometimes written as ⟨◌N⟩ when superscript ⟨n⟩ is not supported. | ||||||||
Tones
[edit source]| Tones | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone Number |
IPA (WP) |
POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | Dialect values (IPA) | ||
| Kaohsiung | Taipei | Lukang | ||||||
| 0 | ◌--a | 後日 （āu--ji̍t） | (varying) | |||||
| 1 | ˦ | a | ㄚ | 東 | [˥] 55 | [˦] 44 | [˧] 33 | |
| 2 | ˥˩ | á | ㄚˋ | 黨 | [˥˩] 51 | [˥˧] 53 | [˥] 55 | |
| 3 | ˧˩ | à | ㄚ˪ | 棟 | [˧˩] 31 | [˨˩] 21 | [˧˩] 31 | |
| 4 | ʔ˧˨ | a◌ | ㄚ◌ | 督 | [˧] 3 | [˨] 2 | [˥] 5 | |
| 5 | ˨˦ | â | ㄚˊ | 同 | [˨˦] 24 | |||
| 6 | ˨ | ǎ | ㄚˋ | 動 | [˨] 22 | |||
| 7 | ˧ | ā | ㄚ˫ | 洞 | [˧] 33 | [˧˩] 31 | ||
| 8 | ʔ˦ | a̍◌ | ㄚ◌˙ | 毒 | [˥] 5 | [˦] 4 | [˧˥] 35 | |
| 9 | ˧˥ | a̋ | 引擎 | [˧˥] 35 | ||||
| Note: ◌ can be any of the four stop consonant finals in Taiwanese as listed in the above. | ||||||||
Dialectal segments
[edit source]Choân-chiu Dialect
[edit source]| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| d͡ʑ | j | j | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A2.svg | 字 (jī / lī) | like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[f] |
| l | l | ㄌ | lap | ||
| 熱 (jua̍h / lua̍h) | |||||
| d͡z | j | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A1.svg | pads [f] | ||
| Vowels | |||||
| ə | e | er | ㄜ | 火 (hér)[w] | about [x] |
| ɨ | i / u | ir | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A8.svg | 豬 (tir) | roughly like glasses; sometimes pronounced as [ɯ] as goose (California)[y][w] |
| ɘ̯e | oe | ere | ㄜFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31A4.svg | 雞 (kere)[y] | |
| ɘ̯u | io | eru | ㄜㄨ | 購 (kerù)[w] | |
| ɨ̯̃ĩ | eng | irinn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A8.svgFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31B3.svg | 肩 (kirinn)[z] | |
Chiang-chiu Dialect
[edit source]| Consonants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | POJ | TL | Phonetic Symbols | Chinese Example | English approximation |
| ȵ | n | gn | File:MoeKai Bopomofo U+312C.svg | 耳 (gní)[aa] | like onion [t][ab] |
| ʑ | j | j | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A2.svg | 日 (ji̍t / gi̍t) | like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized).[g] |
| g | g | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A3.svg | give [g] | ||
| z | j | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A1.svg | 熱 (jua̍h) | zoo [g] | |
| Vowels | |||||
| ɛ | e | ee / ek / eng | ㄝ | 家 (kee) [aa] | bet [t] |
| ɛ̃ | en | eenn | File:Extended Bopomofo U+31A5 variantion.svg | 青 (tsheenn) [aa] | French: vin; nasalized [ɛ] [t][ab] |
| ĩ̯ɔ̃ | iun | ionn | ㄧFile:Extended Bopomofo U+31A7.svg | 羊 (iônn) [ac] | like neon; nasalized [i̯o] [t] |
Notes
[edit source]- ^ a b [b] and [g] are sometimes transcribed as [b̃] and [g̃] respectively.
- ^ a b c d In Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ In most varieties of Hokkien, /l/ is pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ]. Although the IPA symbol ⟨l⟩ represents a lateral approximants, ⟨l⟩ is widely used instead of ⟨ɾ⟩ in broad transcriptions of Hokkien.
- ^ a b In some POJ variants, ch and chh are written as ⟨ts⟩ and ⟨tsh⟩ respectively.
- ^ a b c d e [t͡ɕ], [t͡ɕʰ], [ɕ], and [ʑ] are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s], and [z] in some accents.
- ^ a b c d [d͡z] and [d͡ʑ] are used in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent; they are pronounced as [l] in some sub-accents.
- ^ a b c d e [z] and [ʑ] is used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent, while [ʑ] is pronounced as [ɡ] mainly in Taiwanese Hok-Ló-Kheh sub-accents.
- ^ a b c In Taiwanese Choan-chiu accent.
- ^ ⟨-ng⟩ [ŋ̍] is pronounced as [ũĩ] mainly in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ ⟨o⟩ in TL can present both southern accent and northern accent, while ⟨or⟩ in TL is used to specify southern accent for differentiation.
- ^ a b c ⟨or⟩ [ɤ], also transcribed as [ə], is used in Taiwanese southern accent and sometimes transcribed as [ɤ].
- ^ a b ⟨o⟩ [o] is used in Taiwanese northern accent.
- ^ ⟨o͘⟩ [ɔ] is sometimes written as ⟨ou⟩ in POJ as the dot is barely visible for readers.
- ^ a b In horizontal writing, it might be written in 90 degrees rotated.
- ^ a b c d [i̯] can be transcribed as [ɪ] in ⟨-ai, -ia, -io, -iau⟩.
- ^ a b c [u̯] can be transcribed as [ʊ] in ⟨-au⟩
- ^ ⟨ian⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛn], [ɛn], or [en] depending on accents.
⟨iat⟩ is pronounced as either [i̯ɛt̚], [ɛt̚], or [et̚] depending on accents. - ^ ⟨ing⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯ŋ], [iŋ] or [eŋ], depending on accents.
⟨ik⟩ is pronounced as either [iə̯k̚], [ik̚] or [ek̚] depending on accents. - ^ The combination of a nasal consonant preceding vowel(s) represents nasal vowel(s) due to a natural process of assimilation.
- ^ a b c d e ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ], (enn) [ẽ], ⟨ee⟩ [ɛ], ⟨eeh⟩ [ɛʔ], ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃], ⟨ek⟩ [ɛk̚], ⟨eng⟩ [ɛŋ], ⟨ionn⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃], and ⟨ionnh⟩ [ĩ̯ɔ̃ʔ] of TL are used in Taiwanese Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ [ĩ̯ũ] is only used in Choân-chiu accent.
- ^ [ũ̯ãĩ̯] is pronounced as [ũ̯ĩ], [ũ̯ã], and [u̯ai̯] mainly in Taiwanese Choân-chiu accent.
- ^ a b c In Lo̍k-káng Choân-chiu accent
- ^ ⟨er⟩ [ə] is also transcribed as [ɘ] by some scholars despite the slight difference. In addition, ⟨er⟩ is alternatively spelled as ⟨oe⟩ while its Phonetic Symbol is replaced with
in textbooks and academic publishing by Ngoo Siu Le.
- ^ a b In Sam-Kiap Choân-chiu accent
- ^ In Po-tiong Choân-chiu Lâm-oaⁿ accent
- ^ a b c In Taiwanese Éng-tsēng old Chiang-chiu accent.
- ^ a b Note that ⟨gn⟩ [ȵ] and ⟨eenn⟩ [ɛ̃] are not listed in the Taiwanese Romanization System by Ministry of Education, but is featured in textbooks and dictionaries.
- ^ In Taiwanese Tâi-lâm Chiang-chiu accent.
References
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