Eleman languages
| Eleman | |
|---|---|
| Kaki Ae – Kerema Bay | |
| Geographic distribution | Kerema Bay, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | a primary language family |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | nucl1580 (Eleman proper) |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| File:Eleman languages.svg Map: The Eleman languages of New Guinea
The Eleman languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The Eleman languages are a family spoken around Kerema Bay, Papua New Guinea.
Languages and classification
[edit | edit source]The five languages of Eleman proper are clearly related. They were identified as a family by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1907, and would later be incorporated in the Trans–New Guinea classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005).
Purari was included by Brown (1968), but the only evidence is the 1sg pronoun nai, which might simply be a reflection of TNG *na.
The purported evidence for including Eleman in the Trans–New Guinea family lies in Kaki Ae. Franklin (1995) shows regular sound correspondences between Kaki Ae and Eleman, including Kaki Ae n to Eleman *r, so Kaki Ae nao 1sg appears to be cognate with Eleman *ara, both perhaps descending from proto-TNG *na. Likewise, Kaki Ae nu'u may reflect pTNG *nu, and the forms of the 2sg pronouns, ao and *a, are common in TNG languages.
Ross states that the Kaki Ae isolate links Eleman proper within TNG. However, Glottolog notes that the sound correspondences are just what one would expect from loans, given the different phonologies of the languages: Eleman has no n/l/r distinction, and Kaki Ae has no t/k distinction.[1]
Pawley and Hammarström (2018) classify Kaki Ae as a language isolate rather than as part of Eleman, noting that similarities with Eleman are mostly because of borrowing.[2]
Pronouns
[edit | edit source]The pronouns are as follows:
Eleman proper sg pl 1 *ara *ela 2 *a *e(u) 3 *are *ere(u)
Kaki Ae sg pl 1 nao nu'u 2 ao ofe 3 era era-he
Further reading
[edit | edit source]- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Eleman. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Eleman-Koriki. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-East-Eleman. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-West-Eleman. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Brown, Herbert A. "The Eleman Language Family". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:279-376. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Brown, Herbert A. 1972. The Elema languages: A comparative study of the Toaripi, Orokolo and their related dialects. PhD thesis: University of London.
- Franklin, Karl J.. 1973. Appendices. In Karl J. Franklin (ed.), The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas, Papua New Guinea, 539-592. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
References
[edit | edit source]- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).