Coucal
| Coucals | |
|---|---|
| File:Lesser coucal.jpg | |
| Lesser coucal (Centropus bengalensis) | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Cuculiformes |
| Family: | Cuculidae Horsfield, 1823 |
| Genus: | Centropus Illiger, 1811 |
| Type species | |
| Cuculus aegyptius (Senegal coucal) Linnaeus, 1766
| |
| Species | |
|
About 30, see list | |
A coucal is one of about 30 species of birds in the cuckoo family. All of them belong in the subfamily Centropodinae and the genus Centropus. Unlike many Old World cuckoos, coucals are not brood parasites, though they do have their own reproductive peculiarity: all members of the genus are (to varying degrees) sex-role reversed, so that the smaller male provides most of the parental care. Male pheasant coucals (Centropus phasianinus) invest in building the nest, incubate for the most part and take a major role in feeding the young.[1] At least one coucal species, the black coucal, is polyandrous.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]The genus Centropus was introduced in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger.[3] The type species was subsequently designated as the Senegal coucal by George Robert Gray in 1840.[4][5] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek kentron meaning "spur" or "spike" with pous meaning "foot".[6]
Description
[edit | edit source]Many coucals have a long claw on their hind toe (hallux). The feet have minute spurs and this is responsible for the German term for coucals Sporenkuckucke. The common name is perhaps derived from the French coucou and alouette (for the long lark like claw).[7] (Cuvier, in Newton 1896) The length of the claw can be about 68-76% of the tarsus length in the African black coucal C. grillii and lesser coucal C. bengalensis. Only the short-toed coucal C. rectunguis is an exception with the hallux claw of only 23% of the tarsus length. Thread like feather structures (elongated sheaths of the growing feathers that are sometimes termed trichoptiles[8][9]) are found on the head and neck of hatchlings and can be as long as 20mm. Nestlings can look spiny.[10] Many are opportunistic predators, Centropus phasianus is known to attack birds caught in mist nets[11] while white-browed coucals Centropus superciliosus are attracted to smoke from grass fires where they forage for insects and small mammals escaping from the fire.[10]: 17
Coucals generally make nests inside dense vegetation and they usually have the top covered but some species have the top open. Pheasant coucal Centropus phasianinus, greater coucal C. sinensis and Madagascar coucal C. toulou sometimes build an open nest while some species always build open nests (the bay coucal C. celebensis)[10]: 120
Some coucal species have been seen to fly while carrying their young.[12]
Species
[edit | edit source]The genus contains 29 species:[13]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | Centropus milo | Buff-headed coucal | Solomon Islands |
| - | Centropus ateralbus | White-necked coucal | Bismarck Archipelago |
| - | Centropus menbeki | Ivory-billed coucal | Aru Islands and New Guinea |
| - | Centropus chalybeus | Biak coucal | Biak |
| File:Rufous Coucal2.jpg | Centropus unirufus | Rufous coucal | Luzon |
| - | Centropus chlororhynchos | Green-billed coucal | Sri Lanka lowland rain forests |
| File:38 BLACK FACED COUCAL.jpg | Centropus melanops | Black-faced coucal | southern Philippines |
| - | Centropus steerii | Black-hooded coucal | Mindoro |
| - | Centropus rectunguis | Short-toed coucal | Malesia |
| - | Centropus celebensis | Bay coucal | Sulawesi |
| - | Centropus anselli | Gabon coucal | Congolian rainforests |
| - | Centropus leucogaster | Black-throated coucal | Guineo-Congolian region |
| File:Senegal Coucal -Centropus senegalensis -on tree.jpg | Centropus senegalensis | Senegal coucal | lower Nile valley and Sub-Saharan Africa |
| - | Centropus monachus | Blue-headed coucal | northern sub-Saharan Africa |
| File:Centropus burchellii Moremi 2.jpg | Centropus cupreicaudus | Coppery-tailed coucal | miombo and adjacent areas |
| File:Centropus superciliosus -Tanzania-8.jpg | Centropus superciliosus | White-browed coucal | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| File:Burchell's Coucal Centropus burchelli.jpg | Centropus burchellii | Burchell's coucal | miombo and adjacent areas |
| - | Centropus nigrorufus | Sunda coucal | Java |
| File:செண்பகம்.jpg | Centropus sinensis | Greater coucal | Indomalayan realm |
| File:Malagasy Coucal (Centropus toulou), Ankarafantsika, Madagascar (4315997068).jpg | Centropus toulou | Malagasy coucal | Seychelles and Madagascar |
| File:Centropus goliath.jpg | Centropus goliath | Goliath coucal | North Maluku |
| - | Centropus grillii | Black coucal | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| - | Centropus viridis | Philippine coucal | Philippines |
| File:Lesser coucal 65.jpg | Centropus bengalensis | Lesser coucal | Indomalayan realm |
| - | Centropus violaceus | Violaceous coucal | Bismarck Archipelago |
| - | Centropus bernsteini | Black-billed coucal | New Guinea |
| - | Centropus spilopterus | Kai coucal | Kai Islands |
| File:Centropus phasianinus -Daintree, Queensland, Australia-8.jpg | Centropus phasianinus | Pheasant coucal | Timor, Australia and New Guinea |
| File:CentropusAndamanensisSmit.jpg | Centropus andamanensis | Andaman coucal | Andaman Islands |
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References
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