Carlile Shale

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Carlile Shale
Stratigraphic range: Turonian
~93.9–89.8 Ma
↓
File:Fairport Chalk Member of the Carlile Formation in Ellis County, Kansas 01.png
Rare exposure of the Fairport Chalk member of the Carlile Shale in southern Ellis County, Kansas
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofColorado Group (lower); or
Benton Formation
Mancos Group (NM)
Sub-unitsJuana Lopez (CO, NM)
Codell Sandstone
Blue Hill Shale
Fairport Chalk
UnderliesNiobrara Formation
OverliesGreenhorn Limestone
Thickness170–230 feet (52–70 m)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, chalky to carbonaceous
OtherLimestone
Sandstone
Siltstone
Septarians
Bentonite
Location
CoordinatesLua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
RegionMid-continental
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forCarlile Spring and Carlile Station, 21 mi west of Pueblo, Colorado[1]
Named byGilbert
Year defined1896
Carlile Shale (the United States)
Carlile Shale (Colorado)

The Carlile Shale is a Turonian age Upper/Late Cretaceous series shale geologic formation in the central-western United States, including in the Great Plains region of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming.[2]

History of investigation

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The Carlile Shale was first named by Grove Karl Gilbert for exposures at Carlile Spring, located about 21 miles (34 km) west of Pueblo, Colorado. He described it as a medium gray shale, capped with limestone or sandstone, and assigned it to the Benton Group.[3] By 1931, William Walden Rubey and his coinvestigators had mapped it into Kansas[4] and the Black Hills. Rubey also first assigned it to the Colorado Group.[5] C.H. Dane assigned it to the Mancos Shale in New Mexico in 1948.[6]

Description

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The formation is composed of marine deposits of the generally retreating phase (hemi-cycle) of the Greenhorn cycle of the Western Interior Seaway, which followed the advancing phase of the same cycle that formed the underlying Graneros Shale and Greenhorn Formation.[7] As such, the lithology progresses from open ocean chalky shale (with thin limestones) to increasing carbonaceous shale to near-shore sandstone.[8] Near the center of the seaway, currents in the remnant shallows sorted skeletal remains into a mass of calcareous sand. The contact between the Carlile Shale and the overlying Niobrara Formation is marked by an unconformity in much of the outcrop area, but where an unconformity is not discernible, the boundary is typically placed at the first resistant, fine-grained limestone bed at the base of the Niobrara Formation.[9]

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Fossil content

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Upper Turonian series plesiosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the strata of its Blue Hill Shale Member in Kansas.[10] The Carlile in eastern South Dakota contains shark teeth, fossil wood and leaves, and ammonites.[11]

Reptiles

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Crocodyliforms

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Crocodyliforms
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Terminonaris T. cf. T. browni Russell County, Kansas.[12] Fairport Chalk Member.[12] A partial rostrum.[12] A pholidosaur.

Plesiosaurs

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Plesiosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Megacephalosaurus M. eulerti Near Fairport, Kansas.[13] Fairport Chalk Member.[13] A skull & anterior cervical material (FHSM VP-321).[13] A pliosaurid.
File:Megacephalosaurus eulerti MP.png
Plesiosauria Mitchell County, Kansas.[10] Blue Hill Member.[10] Portions of a rib (FHSM VP-17299).[10] May represent a large elasmosaur or pliosaur.

Squamates

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Squamates
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Coniasaurus C. cf. C. crassidens Russell County, Kansas.[14] Fairport Chalk Member.[14] 2 incomplete vertebrae (FHSM VP-4418).[14] A dolichosaurid.
File:Coniasaurus.jpg
Russellosaurina Ellis County, Kansas.[15] Middle of the Fairport Chalk Member.[15] 7 successive proximal caudal vertebrae (FHSM VP-17564).[15] A russellosaurine mosasaur.

Fish

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Cartilaginous fish

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Cartilaginous fish
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Cretodus C. houghtonorum North-central Kansas.[16] Blue Hill Shale.[16] A partial skeleton consisting of 134 disarticulated teeth, 61 vertebrae, 23 placoid scales, and fragments of calcified cartilage.[16] A mackerel shark.
Cretoxyrhina C. mantelli Dixon County, Nebraska.[17] Fairport Chalky Shale Member.[17] A tooth (UNSM 129549).[17] A large mackerel shark.
File:Ginsu shark (Cretoxyrhina mantellii).jpg
Ptychodus P. latissimus Kansas.[18] Codell Sandstone Member.[18] 3 teeth.[18] A ptychodontid.
P. mammillaris North of Schoenchen, Ellis County, Kansas.[19] Fairport Chalk Member.[19] A medial tooth (FHSM VP-15284).[19] A ptychodontid.
File:Ptychodus mammillaris.JPG
P. sp. Ellis County, Kansas.[20] Blue Hill Shale Member.[20] A tooth contained in a coprolite (FHSM VP-13325).[20] A ptychodontid.



See also

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  • Volcanic mineralization of the Greenhorn cycle:
    • Bentonite, sedimentary volcanic ash (named for the original Graneros/Greenhorn/Carlile classification), generally showing some weathered iron stain in the Colorado Group
    • Pyrite, precipitation of volcanic sulfuric acid with oceanic iron as FeS2
    • Limonite, pyrite in limestone weathered to HFeO2 (rust stain or yellow ochre)
    • Selenite, CaSO4 associated with Bentonite seams and ochre[21]

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References

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  1. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ USGS.gov: Mineral resources of the Niobrara and Carlile Formations
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  10. ^ a b c d Jstor.org: "Probable plesiosaur remains from the Blue Hill Shale (Carlile Formation)" in Kansas", Kansas Academy of Science, 2009.
  11. ^ [1] William A. Cobban and E.A. Merewether (1983), Stratigraphy and paleontology of mid-Cretaceous rocks in Minnesota and contiguous areas. USGS Professional Paper 1253.
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