Zhenfan Commandery

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Zhenfan Commandery
Chinese name
Chinese真番郡
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhēnfān Jùn
Korean name
Hangul진번군
Hanja眞番郡
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationJinbeon-gun
McCune–ReischauerChinpŏn-kun
File:Hyondo-rom.png
Four Commanderies of Han with Jin in 106 BC. Zhenfan is coloured as purple in this map.

The Zhenfan Commandery was one of the Four Commanderies of the Chinese Han dynasty located on the Korean Peninsula. It existed between 108 BC and 82 BC.

History

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In 108 BC, the Zhenfan Commandery was established under Youzhou by the Han dynasty. According to Maolingshu (茂陵書) compiled in the Han dynasty, the Zhenfan Commandery consisted of fifteen counties each,[1] and was ruled from the Sa (Hanja:霅) county, which was 3,000 km from Chang’an.[2] Its territorial jurisdiction is unclear. In 82 BC, Zhenfan Commandery was abolished.

Controversy

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There are two theories for the location of the Zhenfan Commandery. One theory has it located in the north of the Korean peninsula and the other further south. In the academic community, the southern theory is preferred. However, there are also some views that the Zhenfan Commandery was in the Gyeongsang Province, Chungcheong Province or in the southern part of Korea which includes the Gyeongsang Province and Jeolla Province.[3]

Historical revisionism

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In the North Korean academic community and some parts of the South Korean academic community, the fact that at least part of the Korean peninsula was annexed by Han dynasty has been denied. They claim that the Four Commanderies of Han were actually located outside the Korean peninsula. They consider that the Four Commanderies were located in the Liaodong Commandery. In this theory, the location of Zhenfan Commandery is almost same as the eastern part of Liaodong Commandery.

These views are not accepted by the academic communities in the United States, China and Japan.[note 1]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Han Chinese built four commanderies, or local military units, to rule the peninsula as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lolang (Nangnang in Korean), near present-day P'yongyang. It is illustrative of the relentlessly different historiography practiced in North Korea and South Korea, as well as both countries' dubious projection backward of Korean nationalism, that North Korean historians denied that the Lolang district was centered in Korea and placed it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "They place it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing, in order to de- emphasize China's influence on ancient Korean history."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Immediately after destroying Wiman Chosŏn, the Han empire established administrative units to rule large territories in the northern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "But when Emperor Wu conquered Choson, all the small barbarian tribes in the northeastern region were incorporated into the established Han commanderies because of the overwhelming military might of Han China."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Despite recent suggestions by North Korean scholars that Lelang was not a Chinese commandery, the traditional view will be adhered to here. Lelang was one of four commanderies newly instituted by the Han Dynasty in 108 BC in the former region of Chaoxian. Of these four commanderies, only two (Lelang and Xuantu) survived successive reorganizations; and it seems that even these had their headquarters relocated once or twice."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
    "North Korean scholars, however, admit that a small number of items in these tombs resemble those found in the archaeological sites of Han China. These items, they insist, must have been introduced into Korea through trade or other international contacts and "should not by any means be construed as a basis to deny the Korean characteristics of the artifacts" found in the P'yongyang area."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Chinese forces subsequently conquered the eastern half of the peninsula and made lolang, near modern Pyongyang, the chief base for Chinese rule. Chinese sources recall how China used not only military force but also assassination and divide-and-conquer tactics to subdue Chosŏn and divide the territory into four commanderies."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "The way of life maintained by the elite at the capital in the P'yongyang area, which is known from the tombs and scattered archaeological remains, evinces a prosperous, refined, and very Chinese culture."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "The Chinese, having conquered Choson, set up four administrative units called commanderies. The Lelang commandery was located along the Ch'ongch'on and Taedong rivers from the coast to the interior highlands. Three other commanderies were organized: Xuantu, Lintun, and Zhenfan. Lintun and originally Xuantu were centered on the east coast of northern Korea. Zhenfan was probably located in the region south of Lelang, although there is some uncertainty about this. After Emperor Wu's death in 87 BCE a retrenchment began under his successor, Emperor Chao (87-74 BCE). In 82 BCE Lintun was merged into Xuantu, and Zhenfan into Lelang. Around 75 BCE Xuantu was relocated most probably in the Tonghua region of Manchuria and parts of old Lintun merged into Lelang. Later a Daifang commandery was created south of Lelang in what was later Hwanghae Province in northern Korea. Lelang was the more populous and prosperous outpost of Chinese civilization."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Han China resumes its effort to subdue Korea, launching two military expeditions that bring much of the peninsula under Chinese control; it sets up four commanderies in conquered Korea."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "The latter, associated with Han China, are important, as their discovery permits us to infer the existence of relations between the Han commanderies and the Samhan societies."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "The Wei Ji (compiled 233–97) places the Yemaek in the Korean peninsula at the time of the Han commanderies in the first century BC, giving them a specifically Korean identity at least by that time."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "In 108 B.C. most of the Korean peninsula was divided into four Han commanderies, the most important of which was Lelang."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Northeastwards Emperor Wu's forces conquered northern Korea in 108 b.c. and established four command headquarters there."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Nangnang commandery centered around Pyeong'yang was established when Emperor Wu of Han China attacked Gojoseon in 108 BC and was under the rule of Wei from 238. Wei is the country that destroyed the Later Han dynasty."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "North Korean historiography from the 1970s onward has stressed the unique, even sui generis, nature of Korean civilization going back to Old Chosön, whose capital, Wanggömsöng, is now located in the Liao River basin in Manchuria rather than near Pyongyang. Nangnang, then, was not a Chinese commandery but a Korean kingdom, based in the area of Pyongyang."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "108 BC: Han armies invade Wiman Choson; Chinese commanderies are set up across the north of the peninsula"
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "The Chinese commanderies did not extend to the southern half of the peninsula, stretching perhaps as far south as the Han river at the greatest extent, but they did reach the northeast coast."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "He then divided the country into military districts, of which the most important was that of Lolang, or Laklang, with headquarters near the modern Pyongyang. Tomb excavations in this area have produced much evidence of the influence of Han civilization in northern Korea."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "Under Emperor Wu-ti, Han China extended her influence into Korea, and in 108 B.C., the peninsula became a part of the Chinese Empire, with four dependent provinces under the Chinese charge."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "In southern Manchuria, and northern and central Korea, the Chinese established four commanderies, which were subdivided into prefectures."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "The Han dynasty created four outposts in Korea to control that portion of its border."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "In the corridor between the peninsula and northeast China, the Chinese Han dynasty established four “commanderies” that ruled over parts of the peninsula and Manchuria, much as modern imperial powers governed their colonies."
    • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
    "The territorial extent of the Four Chinese Commanderies seems to have been limited to the area north of the Han River."

References

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  1. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ Maolingshu(茂陵書) "真番郡治霅縣，去長安七千六百四十里，十五縣。"
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). p272 (in Japanese)

Bibliography

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  • 譚其驤等『中國歷史地圖集』北京・中国地图出版社、1974年
  • 周振鶴『西漢政區地理』北京・人民出版社、1987年
  • 李曉傑『東漢政區地理』濟南：山東教育出版社、1999年
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