Wireless data
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Template:SHORTDESC: Wireless data refers to transmitting information—voice, video, sensors, apps—without physical cables, using electromagnetic waves like radio, microwave, or infrared waves.[1][2]
Technologies and networks
[edit | edit source]Wi‑Fi (Wireless LAN)
[edit | edit source]- Connects devices via access points using IEEE 802.11 standards.
- Latest versions include Wi‑Fi 6/6E (using 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and now 6 GHz bands) offering higher throughput and efficiency
Cellular (3G/4G/5G/5G‑Advanced)
[edit | edit source]- 3G/4G (LTE) support broad data access.
- 5G launched globally since 2019; offers up to 10 Gbps speeds, extremely low latency, and supports massive IoT
- 5G‑Advanced (5.5G) introduces AI integration, edge compute, better slicing, non-terrestrial networks, aiming for full deployment by end of 2025.
Wireless PAN and others
[edit | edit source]- Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB for short-range, low-energy data transfer (e.g., device pairing, indoor location) [3][4]
- Satellite and Wide Area IoT networks (e.g., NB-IoT) allow remote connectivity
Niche and emerging
[edit | edit source]- IEEE 802.22 uses TV bands for rural broadband with AES-GCM encryption
- Free-Space Optical (FSO) Infrared beams achieved 5.7 Tbps over 4.6 km—no RF needed[5]
- 6G (2027–30) envisions terahertz bands, AI-native networks, quantum comms, holographic beamforming[6]
Security and protocols
[edit | edit source]Wi‑Fi encryption
[edit | edit source]There are four main methods of Wi-Fi Encryption:
- WEP: outdated and insecure.
- WPA & WPA2: added TKIP and AES/CCMP, respectively
- WPA3: modern standard since 2018 with SAE, enhanced open (OWE), 192-bit enterprise, and protection of management frames[7][8]
Trends in wireless security
[edit | edit source]The trend in wireless security is to move toward WPA3, Wi‑Fi 6E enhancements, private 5G/LTE (CBRS), UEM, AI/ML analytics, edge protection, and stronger identity access management.[9][10]
Architecture and standards
[edit | edit source]OSI layers
[edit | edit source]Wireless networks conform to the OSI model, each layer bringing unique threats and protections.[7]
Protocol stacks
[edit | edit source]Wireless Application Protocol is the early mobile web stack (WSP/WDP/WTP/WTLS) designed for feature phones and constrained networks.[citation needed]
Applications and use cases
[edit | edit source]- Consumer Internet access: Home Wi‑Fi and mobile broadband
- Enterprise mobility: BYOD management, secure campus networks
- IoT and industrial: Sensors, telemetry, remote control via Zigbee, private LTE, NB-IoT
- High-speed links: FSO for urban backhaul; IEEE 802.22 for rural broadband
- Future systems: 5G/6G to support smart cities, autonomous vehicles, XR, remote surgery
See also
[edit | edit source]References
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