Verrallina
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| Verrallina | |
|---|---|
| File:Verrallina funerea.jpg | |
| Verrallina funerea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Subfamily: | Culicinae |
| Tribe: | Aedini |
| Genus: | Verrallina Theobald, 1903 |
Verrallina is a mosquito genus erected by entomologist Frederick Vincent Theobald in 1903. It belongs to the family Culicidae, subfamily Culicinae, and tribe Aedini. The genus is notable for its three subgenera—Harbachius, Neomacleaya, and Verrallina—and comprises approximately 94 species.[1]
Distribution and habitat
[edit | edit source]Verrallina mosquitoes are distributed across the Oriental and Australasian regions. Their range includes:
- Southeast Asia
- Japan (Kyushu)
- Caroline Islands
- New Guinea
- Southern Pacific islands
- Northeastern Australia
Their larvae inhabit a diverse array of aquatic environments, including:
- Temporary ground waters: flood pools, puddles, road ruts, and animal hoof prints
- Coastal brackish water pools
- Natural and artificial containers: wells, tin cans, and other small water-holding structures
Adults are commonly found in jungles, coastal mangroves, and bamboo groves.[1]
Description
[edit | edit source]Adults
[edit | edit source]Adult Verrallina mosquitoes exhibit distinct morphological features:
- Head: Broad decumbent vertex scales
- Thorax: Presence of dorsocentral setae and sparse to numerous acrostichal setae
- Wings and legs: Specific scaling patterns unique to the genus
Biology
[edit | edit source]Verrallina mosquitoes lay their eggs in temporary water bodies, where larvae subsequently develop. Adults are primarily jungle-dwellers and are known to bite humans in shaded areas during the day. A notable feature of the subgenus Verrallina is the production of gelatinous strings that encase their eggs, protecting them from desiccation.[1]
Medical importance
[edit | edit source]Certain species within the genus Verrallina are significant as disease vectors. Notable examples include:
These species are known to transmit viruses such as:
Both viruses are associated with epidemic polyarthritis, particularly in Australia, posing a public health concern in affected regions.[1]
Species
[edit | edit source]The genus Verrallina includes approximately 94 species, organized into three subgenera. A comprehensive species list is not fully documented here but includes:
Verrallina (Verrallina) Theobald, 1903
[edit | edit source]- Verrallina azureosquamata (Bonne-Wepster, 1948)
- Verrallina bancrofti (Taylor, 1914)
- Verrallina bifoliata (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina butleri (Theobald, 1901)
- Verrallina carmenti (Edwards, 1924)
- Verrallina cuccioi (Belkin, 1962)
- Verrallina dux (Dyar and Shannon, 1925)
- Verrallina embiensis (Huang, 1968)
- Verrallina foliformis (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina funerea (Theobald, 1903)
- Verrallina iriomotensis (Tanaka and Mizusawa, 1973)
- Verrallina killertonis (Huang, 1968)
- Verrallina leilae (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina lineata (Taylor, 1914)
- Verrallina lugubris (Barraud, 1928)
- Verrallina mccormicki (Belkin, 1962)
- Verrallina milnensis (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina multifolium (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina obsoleta (Huang, 1968)
- Verrallina parasimilis (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina pipkini (Bohart, 1957)
- Verrallina quadrifolium (Brug, 1934)
- Verrallina quadrispinata (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina reesi (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina sentania (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina similis (Theobald, 1910)
- Verrallina simpla (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina trispinata (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina vanapa (Huang, 1968)
- Verrallina variabilis (Huang, 1968)
Verrallina (Harbachius) Reinert, 1999
[edit | edit source]- Verrallina abdita (Barraud, 1931)
- Verrallina consonensis (Reinert, 1973)
- Verrallina fragilis (Leicester, 1908)
- Verrallina hamistylus (Laffoon, 1946)
- Verrallina indecorabilis (Leicester, 1908)
- Verrallina nobukonis (Yamada, 1932)
- Verrallina pahangi (Delfinado, 1968)
- Verrallina ramalingami (Reinert, 1974)
- Verrallina robertsi (Laffoon, 1946)
- Verrallina srilankensis (Reinert, 1977)
- Verrallina stunga (Klein, 1973)
- Verrallina uniformis (Theobald, 1910)
- Verrallina yusafi (Barraud, 1931)
Verrallina (Neomacleaya) Theobald, 1907
[edit | edit source]- Verrallina adusta (Laffoon, 1946)
- Verrallina agrestis (Barraud, 1931)
- Verrallina andamanensis (Edwards, 1922)
- Verrallina assamensis (Bhattacharyya et al., 2004)
- Verrallina atria (Barraud, 1928)
- Verrallina atriisimilis (Tanaka and Mizusawa, 1973)
- Verrallina campylostylus (Laffoon, 1946)
- Verrallina cauta (Barraud, 1928)
- Verrallina ceylonica (Edwards, 1917)
- Verrallina clavata (Barraud, 1931)
- Verrallina comata (Barraud, 1931)
- Verrallina comosa (Reinert, 1974)
- Verrallina cretata (Delfinado, 1967)
- Verrallina cyrtolabis (Edwards, 1928)
- Verrallina gibbosa (Delfinado, 1967)
- Verrallina harrisonica (Reinert, 1974)
- Verrallina hispida (Delfinado, 1967)
- Verrallina indica (Theobald, 1907)
- Verrallina johnsoni (Laffoon, 1946)
- Verrallina johorensis (Reinert, 1974)
- Verrallina komponga (Klein, 1973)
- Verrallina latipennis (Delfinado, 1967)
- Verrallina leicesteri (Edwards, 1917)
- Verrallina macrodixoa (Dyar and Shannon, 1925)
- Verrallina margarsen (Dyar and Shannon, 1925)
- Verrallina neomacrodixoa (King and Hoogstraal, 1947)
- Verrallina nigrotarsis (Ludlow, 1908)
- Verrallina notabilis (Delfinado, 1967)
- Verrallina nubicola (Laffoon, 1946)
- Verrallina panayensis (Ludlow, 1914)
- Verrallina petroelephantus (Wijesundara, 1951)
- Verrallina philippinensis (Delfinado, 1968)
- Verrallina phnoma (Klein, 1973)
- Verrallina prioekanensis (Brug, 1931)
- Verrallina protuberans (Delfinado, 1967)
- Verrallina pseudodiurna (Theobald, 1910)
- Verrallina pseudomediofasciata (Theobald, 1910)
- Verrallina pseudovarietas (Reinert, 1974)
- Verrallina rami (Barraud, 1928)
- Verrallina rara (Delfinado, 1968)
- Verrallina sabahensis (Reinert, 1974)
- Verrallina seculata (Menon, 1950)
- Verrallina singularis (Leicester, 1908)
- Verrallina sohni (Reinert, 1974)
- Verrallina spermathecus (Wijesundara, 1951)
- Verrallina taeniata (Leicester, 1908)
- Verrallina torosa (Delfinado, 1967)
- Verrallina unca (Theobald, 1901)
- Verrallina vallistris (Barraud, 1928)
- Verrallina varietas (Leicester, 1908)
- Verrallina virilis (Leicester, 1908)
- Verrallina yerburyi (Edwards, 1917)
See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b c d Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit - Verrallina, accessed 15 Oct 2023.
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