Type 2 inflammation
Type 2 inflammation (or type 2 immunity) is a pattern of immune response. Its physiological function is to defend the body against helminths, but a dysregulation of the type 2 immune response has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases.[1][2] Although it has traditionally been associated with tumor promotion, emerging evidence indicates a potential tumor-suppressive potential.[3]
Molecular biology
[edit | edit source]IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP are alarmins released from damaged epithelial cells. These cytokines mediate the activation of type 2 T helper cells (Th2 cells), group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells), and dendritic cells. Th2 cells and ILC2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13.[1][4]
IL-4 further drives CD4+ T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subtype and induces isotype switching to IgE in B cells. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate trafficking of eosinophils to the site of inflammation, while IL-5 promotes both eosinophil trafficking and production.[2]
Dysregulation in human disease
[edit | edit source]Type 2 inflammation has been implicated in several chronic diseases:
- Asthma[5][6]
- Atopic dermatitis[6]
- Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps[7]
- Eosinophilic esophagitis[8]
- Bullous pemphigoid[9]
Persons with one type 2 inflammatory disease are more likely to have other diseases.[10]
Pharmacological targets
[edit | edit source]Several medicines have been developed that target mediators of type 2 inflammation:[2]
- IL-4-specific blockers:
- IL-5-specific blockers:
- IL-13-specific blockers:
- Dual IL-4 and IL-13 blockers:
- IgE-blockers:
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).