Trema orientale

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Trema orientale
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Genus: Trema
Species:
T. orientale
Binomial name
Trema orientale
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Sponia hochstetteri Brongn.
    • Salisb. Planch.
    • Sponia lucida Hassk.
    • Sponia nitens Celtis madagascariensis
    • Hook.f. ex Planch. Sponia orientalis
    • (L.) Decne. ex Planch. Sponia rigida
    • Bojer (Blume) Decne. ex Planch.
    • Sponia scaberrima Miq.
    • Sponia strigosa Celtis orientalis
    • Planch. Sponia wightii
    • Planch. Celtis glomerata
    • L. (Planch.) Blume
    • Trema africanum (Planch.) Blume
    • Trema argenteum Celtis rigida
    • (Planch.) Blume Trema bracteolatum
    • (Hochst.) Blume Trema burmanni
    • Blume Blume
    • Trema commersonii (Decne. ex Planch.) Blume
    • Trema glomeratum Sponia affinis
    • (Hochst.) Blume Trema grevei
    • Baill. Celtis commersonii
    • Hochst. Planch.
    • Baker Trema guineense
    • (Schumach. & Thonn.) Ficalho Sponia africana
    • (Planch.) Engl. Trema nitens
    • (Hook.f. ex Planch.) Blume Planch.
    • (Blume) Blume Trema scaberrimum
    • (Miq.) Blume Sponia andaresa
    • Blume Celtis guineensis
    • Comm. ex Lam. Sponia argentea
    • Planch. Sponia bracteolata
    • Schumach. & Thonn. Hochst.
    • Sponia commersonii Decne. ex Planch.
    • Sponia glomerata Celtis laeta
    • Hochst. Sponia guineensis
    • Trema sieberi Trema rigidum
    • Trema hochstetteri (Schumach. & Thonn.) Planch.
    • Trema griseum Trema affine

Trema orientale (sometimes Trema orientalis) is a species of flowering tree in the hemp family, Cannabaceae.[2][4][5][6] It is known by many common names, including charcoal-tree,[6] Indian charcoal-tree,[6] pigeon wood,[7] Oriental trema,[8] and in Hawaii, where it has become naturalized, gunpowder tree,[9] or nalita.[10] It has a near universal distribution in tropical and warm temperate parts of the Old World, with a range extending from South Africa, through the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and southern China to Southeast Asia and Australia.

Distribution

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Trema orientale is native to tropical and southern Africa (including Madagascar), Asia (the Arabian Peninsula, China, eastern Asia, tropical Asia) and Australia.[6]

Uses

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The wood is relatively soft, and burns easily and quickly when dry. The wood is suitable for paper and pulp production,[11][12] producing paper with good tensile strength and folding endurance.[11] The bark can be used for making string or rope, and used as waterproofing fishing-lines.[7][13] In India and Tanzania, the wood is used to make charcoal and is a good fire starter.[13]

Medicinal use

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The tree has various uses as an herbal medicine in a wide range of cultures.[7] The leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs, sore throats, asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhea, yellow fever, toothache, and as an antidote to general poisoning.[11][14] A bark infusion is reportedly drunk to control dysentery and a leaf decoction is used to deworm dogs.[11] In recent pharmacological studies, an aqueous extract from the bark has been shown to reduce blood sugar levels in an experimental animal model of diabetes mellitus, and may be useful for treating this disease.[15] Extracts from leaves of related species (Trema guineense and Trema micrantha) showed anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and analgesic activity in rodents,[16] suggesting that T. orientale could produce similar results.

Phytochemicals

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Trema orientalis has been reported to contain cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (30 mg/kg-90 mg/kg avg), cannabinol (130 mg/kg-357 mg/kg avg) and cannabidiol (2 mg/kg-5 mg/kg avg). Identification was performed by comparing the retention time of HPLC and GC analysis.[17] However these results have not yet been independently replicated, and have been disputed.[18]

Ecology

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This species has a high ecological impact with at least 14 species of butterfly using it as a larval food plant.[7] Several species of birds eat the fruit or feed on the abundant insects which live in these trees. Pigeons and doves are often found in these trees where they eat the fruits or make their nests; giving the origin of the name 'Pigeon Wood'.[7] The leaves, pods and seeds are used as fodder for cattle, buffaloes and goats in the Philippines.[11][14] The leaves are also browsed by game animals and can be used as spinach. This tree is a fast-growing species found in previously disturbed areas and on forest margins. It is a pioneer species that can grow on poor soil and can be used to regenerate forest areas by providing shade and protection to saplings of forest hardwoods. T. orientale is nitrogen fixing and can thereby improve soil fertility for other plant species.[14]

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  • Trema orientalis
    Trema orientalis
  • Flowers and leaves
    Flowers and leaves
  • Pollen grains of Trema orientale
    Pollen grains of Trema orientale
  • Ripe fruit and bark
    Ripe fruit and bark
  • Green and ripe (black) fruit
    Green and ripe (black) fruit
  • Branch bent down to show leaves and fruit
    Branch bent down to show leaves and fruit

References

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  1. ^ Barstow, M. (2018). Trema orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T61988133A61988136. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61988133A61988136.en. Downloaded on 30 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^  Under its treatment of Trema orientalis (from its basionym of Celtis orientalis), this plant name was first published in Museum Botanicum 2: 62. 1852. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^  The basionym of T. orientalis, Celtis orientalis was originally described and published in Species Plantarum 2: 1044. 1753. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  11. ^ a b c d e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ^ Jahan, M.S. et al. (2007). Evaluation of cooking processes for Trema orientalis pulping Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, Vol. 66 (2007) 853
  13. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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Bibliography

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  • Pooley, E. (1993). The Complete Field Guide to Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
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  • Error creating thumbnail: File missing Media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 62: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). at Wikimedia Commons

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