Toilers League

Toilers League رابطة الشغيلة
Abbreviation	WL
Leader	Zaher el-Khatib
Founder	Zafer el-Khatib
Founded	Late 1960s
Headquarters	Chouf
Ideology	Marxism-Leninism Socialism Pan-Arabism Arab nationalism
Political position	Far-left
Party flag
File:Flag of the Toilers League (Lebanon).svg
Politics of Lebanon Political parties Elections

The Toilers League (Arabic: رابطة الشغيلة, romanized: Rabitat al-Shaghila), also designated the Workers League is a Lebanese left-wing political party founded in Lebanon at the late 1960s and currently led by former Chouf MP Zaher el-Khatib.

Origins

The Toilers League originated from a previous socialist students association formed at the American University of Beirut (AUB) in 1968 by the then student activist and Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) militant Zafer El-Khatib. In 1974 the group broke away from the PSP and re-emerged as a separated political party under Zaher El-Khatib's leadership, Zafer's brother, who had previously succeeded to be elected to the Lebanese Parliament as the socialist deputy for the Iqlim al-Kharrub district of the Chouf in the 1971 Chouf parliamentary by-election, after the death of their father Anwar el-Khatib (the incumbent Sunni MP representing the Chouf) in 1970.

Political beliefs

Marxist–Leninist and Pan-Arab nationalist in ideology, the League joined Kamal Jumblatt's Lebanese National Movement (LNM) in early 1975, even raising a militia named the Zafer el-Khatib Forces – ZKF (Arabic: قوات ظافر الخطيب | Al-Quwwat Zafer el-Khatib), also known as Les Forces de Zafer el-Khatib (FZK) in French. After the collapse of the LNM alliance in 1982, the WL/ZKF switched their allegiance to Syria and established a close relationship with the Shia Amal Movement.

The Toilers League in the Lebanese Civil War 1975–1990

Zafer el-Khatib Forces – ZKF قوات ظافر الخطيب
Leaders	Zafer el-Khatib
Dates of operation	1975 – 1991
Headquarters	West Beirut
Active regions	West Beirut
Size	200-500 fighters
Part of	Lebanese National Movement
Allies	File:Flag of Mourabitoun.svg Al-Mourabitoun File:Flag of the Progressive Socialist Party.svg Progressive Socialist Party (PSP)/File:People's Liberation Army (Lebanon).jpg People's Liberation Army File:Flag of the Amal Movement (version).svg Amal Movement Lebanese Communist Party (LCP)/Popular Guard Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Syrian Arab Armed Forces
Opponents	Lebanese Front Lebanese Forces Lebanese Armed Forces Internal Security Forces (ISF) South Lebanon Army (SLA) Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
Battles and wars	Lebanese Civil War

During the early phase of the Lebanese Civil War the ZKF's strength peaked at about 200-500 male and female fighters, mostly Sunnis, who fought in the ranks of the LNM/Joint Forces. Equipped with infantry small-arms pilfered from Lebanese Army (LAF) barracks and Internal Security Forces (ISF) Police stations or supplied by the PLO, along with a few technicals armed with Heavy machine-guns and Recoilless rifles, the League/ZKF operated mainly in central West Beirut, but heavy casualties and desertions led to the decline of their military role afterwards. By the late 1980s the League had lost what was left of its political support base, whilst its dwindling ZKF militia was reduced to a neighbourhood defense group confined to their Headquarters at Rue Hamra – located on the namesake district – and adjacent Ras Beirut sector, where they ran a joint television service, "The Orient" (Arabic: Al-Machriq), with the Amal Movement until 1990.

The post-war years

Upon the end of the war in October 1990, the ZKF militia forces operating in the Capital were ordered by the Lebanese Government on March 28, 1991, to disband and surrender their heavy weaponry by April 30 as stipulated by the Taif Agreement. Although the ZKF militia was disbanded, the Toilers League remained politically active, even managing to pull some seats in the elections for the Lebanese Parliament on several occasions – from 2000 to 2005 their member of Parliament (MP) Nasser Kandil represented Beirut's 3rd electoral district. The Party is currently a member of the pro-Syrian March 8 Alliance.

See also

• Amal Movement
• Mountain War (Lebanon)
• Organization of Communist Action in Lebanon
• Progressive Socialist Party
• People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
• Popular Guard
• Lebanese Arab Army
• Lebanese Civil War
• Lebanese Communist Party
• Lebanese National Movement
• List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War

References

• Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayard, Paris 2005. (in French) – [1]
• Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
• Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in French) – [2]
• Fawwaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition, Pluto Press, London 2012.
• Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980.
• Oren Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society, State University of New York Press, Albany 2009. – [3]
• Jean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, Paris 1993. (in French)
• Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. – [4]
• Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). – [5]
• Tom Najem and Roy C. Amore, Historical Dictionary of Lebanon, Second Edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York & London 2021. , 1538120437
• William W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997. , 1-55876-115-2

External links

• Anwar El-Khatib (1910-1970)-A sorely missed jurist. Archived 2021-01-26 at the Wayback Machine