Tetrigidae

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Tetrigidae
File:Tetrix.spec.2159.jpg
Tetrix species
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Suborder: Caelifera
Superfamily: Tetrigoidea
Family: Tetrigidae
Rambur, 1838
Subfamilies
  1. Batrachideinae
  2. Cladonotinae
  3. Guntheritettiginae
  4. Hildegardiinae
  5. Lophotettiginae
  6. Metrodorinae
  7. Scelimeninae (incorporating Discotettiginae)
  8. Tetriginae
  9. Tripetalocerinae

Tetrigidae[1] is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera,[2] which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[3] pygmy grasshoppers,[4] pygmy devils[5] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[6]

Diagnostic characteristics

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File:Tetrigidae Lateral aspect 2012 01 28 1429.JPG
A typical Tetrigid species that commonly inhabits arid banks of water bodies in Southern Africa. Lateral aspect, showing how the pronotum covers the hind-wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa.
File:Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect 2012 01 28 1427.jpg
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae.

Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm (0.79 in) in length and are recognizable by a long pronotum. This pronotum extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point.[4] In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration.[7] Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs.[8][9]

Other characteristics pygmy grasshoppers exhibit in comparison to other Orthoptera families are the lack of an arolium between the claws, the first thoracic sternite being modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, a tarsal formula of 2-2-3, scaly fore -wings, and developed hindwings.[10]

General biology

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In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms.[11] The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet.[12] Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed[9] Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.[10][11]

The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests.[10] Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy,[11] while others live on the forest floor.[7]

Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.[4]

Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.

Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.[5]

File:TetrigidAlgaeS.jpg
Paratettix aztecus eating algae

Etymology

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Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[13] The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae).[14] Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.

Subfamilies, tribes and selected genera

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More than 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[15] the following tribes are included:

Subfamily Batrachideinae

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File:Pygmy grasshopper at a future construction site in BSD (W-Java) (5103566083).jpg
Saussurella cornuta

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Subfamily Cladonotinae

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File:Grouse Locust (Potua sp.) (23289516379).jpg
Potua morbillosa (Borneo)

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887[16]

Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019[17]

  1. Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
  2. Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902

Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022[18]

  1. Lepocranus Devriese, 1991
  2. Valalyllum Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022

Tribe Xerophyllini Günther, 1979 SE Asia - selected genera:

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Guntheritettiginae

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Auth.: Cadena-Castañeda, 2025[19] - Madagascar & Indian Ocean islands:

File:Green Grouse locust (Holocerus taurus) with red mites, Vohimana reserve, Madagascar (12092757745).jpg
Holocerus (with red mites, Madagascar)
tribe Guntheritettigini Cadena-Castañeda, 2025
  • Guntheritettix Cadena-Castañeda & Tavares, 2025: monotypic G. formidabilis (Günther, 1974)
  • Holocerus Bolívar, 1887: monotypic Holocerus lucifer (Serville, 1838)
tribe Tumbrinckitettigini Cadena-Castañeda, 2025
Subfamily Hildegardiinae Cadena-Castañeda, 2025 - monogeneric
  1. Hildegardia Günther, 1974

Subfamily Lophotettiginae

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Auth.: Hancock, 1909; distribution S. America, all genera:

  1. Lophotettix Hancock, 1909
  2. Phelene Bolívar, 1906

Subfamily Metrodorinae

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Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939
Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907
File:Grouse Locust (Rostella phyllocera processus) (23449164835).jpg
Rostella phyllocera (Borneo)
Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013
Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)
Tribe Metrodorini Bolívar, 1887
Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017

Tribe Unassigned

Subfamily Scelimeninae

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File:Spiky Grouse Locust (Discotettix belzebuth) (6747966773).jpg
Discotettix belzebuth (Scelimeninae)

Auth.: Hancock, 1907 Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera:

incertae sedis

Subfamily Tetriginae

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File:Paratettix sp 6925.jpg
Paratettix sp.

Auth.: Serville, 1838

Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979

Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838

Tribe unassigned:

Subfamily Tripetalocerinae

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Auth.: Bolívar, 1887

File:Grouse Locusts (Tripetalocera ferruginea) mating (22524858843).jpg
Tripetalocera ferruginea

Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887[20] to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22).[21] Until recently,[21] the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini.[22]

Subfamily unassigned

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Criotettigini

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Auth. Kevan, 1966

Thoradontini

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Auth. Kevan, 1966

Subfamily and tribe unassigned

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  1. †Archaeotetrix Sharov, 1968
  2. Bolotettix Hancock, 1907
  3. Coptotettix Bolívar, 1887
  4. Cyphotettix Rehn, 1952
  5. †Eozaentetrix Zessin, 2017
  6. Euloxilobus Sjöstedt, 1936
  7. Parahirrius Skejo, Patano & Kasalo, 2024
  8. Paramphinotus Zheng, 2004
  9. Peronotettix Rehn, 1952
  10. Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940 (synonym Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984)
  11. Probolotettix Günther, 1939
  12. †Prototetrix Sharov, 1968
  13. Syzygotettix Günther, 1938
  14. Tettitelum Hancock, 1915

References

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  1. ^ Rambur (1838) Faune entomologique de l'Andalousie 2:64
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  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ a b c Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
  5. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
  7. ^ a b Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
  8. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ a b Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
  10. ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ^ a b c Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
  12. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  14. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ^ Orthoptera Species File (retrieved 5 July 2025)
  16. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  18. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ^ Cadena-Castañeda OJ, Quintana-Arias RF, Infante IC, Silva DSM, Tavares GC (2025) Studies on pygmy grasshoppers: On the current Metrodorinae sensu lato classification (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with emphasis on American and Malagasy taxa. Zootaxa, 5597(1), 1–265. DOI
  20. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  22. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  • File:Wikispecies-logo.svg Data related to Tetrigidae at Wikispecies
  • Error creating thumbnail: File missing Media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 62: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). at Wikimedia Commons
  • Pygmy locusts
  • Pygmy grasshoppers
  • BugGuide.net

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