Template:Comparison among Protestants

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Protestant beliefs about salvation
This table summarizes the classical views of three Protestant beliefs about salvation.[1]
Topic Calvinism Lutheranism Arminianism
Human will Total depravity:[2] Humanity possesses "free will",[3] but it is in bondage to sin,[4] until it is "transformed".[5] Total depravity:[2][6][7] Humanity possesses free will in regard to "goods and possessions", but is sinful by nature and unable to contribute to its own salvation.[8][9][10] Total depravity: Humanity possesses freedom from necessity, but not "freedom from sin" unless enabled by "prevenient grace".[11]
Election Unconditional election. Unconditional election.[2][12] Conditional election in view of foreseen faith or unbelief.[13]
Justification and atonement Justification by faith alone. Various views regarding the extent of the atonement.[14] Justification for all men,[15] completed at Christ's death and effective through faith alone.[16][17][18][19] Justification made possible for all through Christ's death, but only completed upon choosing faith in Jesus.[20]
Conversion Monergistic,[21] through the means of grace, irresistible. Monergistic,[22][23] through the means of grace, resistible.[24] Synergistic, resistible due to the common grace of free will.[25][26]
Perseverance and apostasy Perseverance of the saints: the eternally elect in Christ will certainly persevere in faith.[27] Holy Spirit strengthens the faith of the believer through the proclamation of the Word and participation in the sacraments;[28][29] falling away is possible through loss of faith or mortal sin.[30][31][32][33] Preservation is conditional upon continued faith in Christ; with the possibility of a final apostasy.[34]


  1. ^ Table drawn from, though not copied, from Lange, Lyle W. God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 2006. p. 448.
  2. ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.23.2.
  4. ^ John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, II.3.5.
  5. ^ John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.3.6.
  6. ^ Morris, J.W., The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History, p267, "The Book of Concord became the official statement of doctrine for most of the world's Lutherans. The Formula of Concord reaffirmed the traditional Lutheran doctrine of total depravity in very clear terms"
  7. ^ Melton, J.G., Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p229, on Formula of Concord, "the 12 articles of the formula focused on a number of newer issues such as original sin (in which total depravity is affirmed)"
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  9. ^ Augsburg Confessional, Article XVIII, Of Free Will, saying: "(M)an's will has some liberty to choose civil righteousness, and to work things subject to reason. But it has no power, without the Holy Ghost, to work the righteousness of God, that is, spiritual righteousness; since the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God (1 Cor. 2:14); but this righteousness is wrought in the heart when the Holy Ghost is received through the Word."
  10. ^ Henry Cole, trans., Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will (London, T. Bensley, 1823), 66. The controversial term liberum arbitrium was translated "free-will" by Cole. However Ernest Gordon Rupp and Philip Saville Watson, Luther and Erasmus: Free Will and Salvation (Westminster, 1969) chose "free choice" as their translation.
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  12. ^ The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Lutheran Church, XI. Election. "Predestination" means "God's ordination to salvation".
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  14. ^ The Westminster Confession, III:6, says that only the "elect" are "effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved." However in his Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Baker, 2012), 45, Richard A. Muller observes that "a sizeable body of literature has interpreted Calvin as teaching "limited atonement", but "an equally sizeable body . . . [interprets] Calvin as teaching "unlimited atonement".
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  19. ^ Augsburg Confession, Article V, Of Justification. People "cannot be justified before God by their own strength, merits, or works, but are freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith, when they believe that they are received into favor, and that their sins are forgiven for Christ's sake. ..."
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  21. ^ Paul ChulHong Kang, Justification: The Imputation of Christ's Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals (Peter Lang, 2006), 70, note 171. Calvin generally defends Augustine's "monergistic view".
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  23. ^ Monergism; thefreedictionary.com
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  27. ^ The Westminster Confession of Faith, Ch XVII, "Of the Perseverance of the Saints".
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