Technology transfer in computer science

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Technology transfer in computer science refers to the transfer of technology developed in computer science or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the private sector. These technologies may be abstract, such as algorithms and data structures, or concrete, such as open source software packages.

Examples

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Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include:

Year of transfer Technology

Field(s)

Originally developed at Transfer method(s) Commercialised at Patented Used by
c. 1964 BASIC Programming languages File:Flag of the United States.svgDartmouth College Freeware Computer manufacturers and others No Numerous BASIC dialects
1974 (Internet Protocol published)

1992 (interconnection)

The Internet Computer networking

The Internet

File:Flag of the United States.svgAdvanced Research Projects Agency RFC

1992 law permitting commercial interconnection

Numerous companies No Millions of web sites and other internet properties
1981 KMS Hypertext File:Flag of the United States.svgCarnegie Mellon University Spin-out Knowledge Systems No ?
1984 MATLAB Programming languages

Scientific computing

Numerical computing

File:Flag of the United States.svgUniversity of New Mexico[1] Incorporation and rewrite[1] File:Flag of the United States.svgMathWorks No (original)

Yes (from 2001)[2]

Millions of users
c. 1985 HyperTIES Hypertext File:Flag of the United States.svgUniversity of Maryland[3] Licensing[3] File:Flag of the United States.svgCognetics Corporation ? Union Carbide, Hewlett-Packard, others[4]
1990 (initial software)

1994 (Netscape)[5]

World Wide Web Hypertext

World Wide Web

File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svgCERN Unfettered use (no patents)

Consortium (to create recommended standards)

File:Flag of the United States.svgNetscape and others No Millions of web sites
1991 Gopher Computer networking

The Internet

Information retrieval

File:Flag of the United States.svgUniversity of Minnesota RFC

Freeware

Numerous companies No Numerous Gopher sites
1998 PageRank Information retrieval

World Wide Web

Algorithms

File:Flag of the United States.svgStanford University Spin-out File:Flag of the United States.svgGoogle Yes Google Search
2004 (software)

2011 (incorporation)

Scala Programming languages

Object-oriented programming

File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svgÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Open source File:Flag of the United States.svgTypesafe Inc. and others ? Play, Akka and others
2013 CRDTs Distributed computing INRIA and others ? File:Flag of the United States.svgBasho Technologies[6] No Riak[6]

References

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  2. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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