Tin(II) oxide

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"SnO" redirects here. For other uses, see SnO (disambiguation).
Tin(II) oxide
File:PbO structure.png
File:Tin(II) oxide.jpg
File:Tin(II) oxide hydrate (2).JPG
Names
IUPAC name
Tin(II) oxide
Other names
Stannous oxide
Tin monoxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
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EC Number
  • 244-499-5
E number Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 880: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
RTECS number
  • XQ3700000
UNII
  • {{#property:P3117}}Lua error in Module:EditAtWikidata at line 29: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
  • InChI=1S/O.Sn
    Key: QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • O=[Sn]
Properties
SnO
Molar mass 134.709 g·mol−1
Appearance black or red powder when anhydrous, white when hydrated
Density 6.45 g/cm3
Melting point 1,080 °C (1,980 °F; 1,350 K)[1]
insoluble
−19.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
tetragonal
Thermochemistry
56 J·mol−1·K−1[2]
−285 kJ·mol−1[2]
Hazards
Flash point Non-flammable
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 none[3]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 2 mg/m3[3]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 N.D.[3]
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0956
Related compounds
Other anions
 Tin sulfide
Tin selenide
Tin telluride
Other cations
 Carbon monoxide
Silicon monoxide
Germanium(II) oxide
Lead(II) oxide
Related tin oxides
 Tin dioxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Tin(II) oxide (stannous oxide) is a compound with the formula SnO. It is composed of tin and oxygen where tin has the oxidation state of +2. There are two forms, a stable blue-black form and a metastable red form.

Preparation and reactions

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Blue-black SnO can be produced by heating the tin(II) oxide hydrate, SnO·xH2O (x < 1) precipitated when a tin(II) salt is reacted with an alkali hydroxide such as NaOH.[4]
Metastable, red SnO can be prepared by gentle heating of the precipitate produced by the action of aqueous ammonia on a tin(II) salt.[4]
SnO may be prepared as a pure substance in the laboratory, by controlled heating of tin(II) oxalate (stannous oxalate) in the absence of air or under a CO2 atmosphere. This method is also applied to the production of ferrous oxide and manganous oxide.[5][6]

SnC2O4·2H2O → SnO + CO2 + CO + 2 H2O
File:Tin(II) oxide burning.JPG
Tin(II) oxide burning

Tin(II) oxide burns in air with a dim green flame to form SnO2.[4]

2 SnO + O2 → 2 SnO2

When heated in an inert atmosphere initially disproportionation occurs giving Sn metal and Sn3O4 which further reacts to give SnO2 and Sn metal.[4]

4SnO → Sn3O4 + Sn
Sn3O4 → 2SnO2 + Sn

SnO is amphoteric, dissolving in strong acid to give tin(II) salts and in strong base to give stannites containing Sn(OH)3−.[4] It can be dissolved in strong acid solutions to give the ionic complexes Sn(OH2)32+ and Sn(OH)(OH2)2+, and in less acid solutions to give Sn3(OH)42+.[4] Anhydrous stannites, e.g. K2Sn2O3, K2SnO2 are also known.[7][8][9]

SnO is a reducing agent and is thought to reduce copper(I) to metallic clusters in the manufacture of so-called "copper ruby glass".[10]

Structure

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Black, α-SnO adopts the tetragonal PbO layer structure containing four coordinate square pyramidal tin atoms.[11] This form is found in nature as the rare mineral romarchite.[12] The asymmetry is usually simply ascribed to a sterically active lone pair; however, electron density calculations show that the asymmetry is caused by an antibonding interaction of the Sn(5s) and the O(2p) orbitals.[13] The electronic structure and chemistry of the lone pair determines most of the properties of the material.[14]

Non-stoichiometry has been observed in SnO.[15]

The electronic band gap has been measured between 2.5eV and 3eV.[16]

Uses

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The dominant use of stannous oxide is as a precursor in manufacturing of other, typically divalent, tin compounds or salts. Stannous oxide may also be employed as a reducing agent and in the creation of ruby glass.[17] It has a minor use as an esterification catalyst.

Cerium(III) oxide in ceramic form, together with Tin(II) oxide (SnO) is used for illumination with UV light.[18]

Stannous oxide is also used in electroplating as a source of Sn2+ ions in solid state reactions to produce complex oxides, or in reactions with weak acids to manufacture stannous compounds. [19]

References

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  1. ^ Tin and Inorganic Tin Compounds: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 65, (2005), World Health Organization
  2. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  4. ^ a b c d e f Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Satya Prakash (2000),Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: V. 1, S. Chand, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ Arthur Sutcliffe (1930) Practical Chemistry for Advanced Students (1949 Ed.), John Murray - London.
  7. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ R M Braun R Hoppe Z. Naturforsch. (1982), 37B, 688-694
  10. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ^ Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  16. ^ Science and Technology of Chemiresistor Gas Sensors By Dinesh K. Aswal, Shiv K. Gupta (2006), Nova Publishers, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  17. ^ "Red Glass Coloration - A Colorimetric and Structural Study" By Torun Bring. Pub. Vaxjo University.
  18. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).[permanent dead link]
  19. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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