Sponge isolates

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File:Halichondria and Eribulin.jpg
Halichondria produces the eribulin (Halaven) precursor halichondrin B

Lacking an immune system, protective shell, or mobility, sponges have developed an ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. C-nucleosides isolated from Caribbean Cryptotethya crypta, were the basis for the synthesis of zidovudine (AZT), aciclovir (Cyclovir), cytarabine (Depocyt), and cytarabine derivative gemcitabine (Gemzar).

Isolate Source Researched activity / Chemical description
3-Alkylpyridinium (3-AP) Haplosclerida hemolytic and cytotoxic[1]
Agosterol A anticancer[2][3]
Aplyzanzine A Aplysina sp.
Avarol Dysidea avara antitumor, antimicrobial[4] and antiviral[5] effects
Aciculitin Aciculites ciliate antifungal cyclic peptide
Discodermin Discodermia kiiensis antimicrobial tetradecapeptide
Dysidenin Lamellodysidea herbacea Highly toxic[6]
Girolline Girolline inhibits protein synthesis[7]
Halichondrin B Halichondria okadai Kadota (Miura Peninsula) precursor to eribulin (Halaven)[8][1][dead link]
Halicylindramide Halichondria antifungal peptide
Hymenamides Phakellia fusca proline-containing cyclopeptide[9]
Hymenistatin Phakellia fusca bio-active proline-containing cyclopeptide
Hyrtinadine A Hyrtios bio-active bis-indole alkaloid
Manzamines various sponge species bio-active β-carbolines
Mirabamide Siliquariaspongia mirabilis antiviral depsipeptide
Neamphamide A Neamphius huxleyi antiviral depsipeptide
Onnamide A Theonella swinhoei cytotoxic, inhibits protein synthesis[10]
Peloruside A Mycale sp. (New Zealand) cytotoxic / structurally similar to bryostatin
Phakellistatins Phakellia fusca proline-containing cyclopeptides[9]
Phoriospongin Phoriospongia and Callyspongia bilamellata nematocidal compound
Plakevulin A Plakortis DNA polymerase inhibitor
Plakoridine A Plakortis
Polydiscamide B Ircinia the first example of a nonendogenous human SNSR (human sensory neuron-specific G protein couple receptor) agonist[11]
Ptilomycalin A Monanchora arbuscula antifungal spirocyclic guanidine alkaloid / laccase and melanization inhibitor
Sceptrin Agelas conifera Antibiotic[12]
Suberedamine Suberea
Theonellamide F Theonella antimicrobial/antifungal cytotoxic bicyclic dodecapeptide[13][14]
Topsentolides Topsentia cytotoxic oxylipins[15]
Xestoquinone Xestospongia Antimalarial,[16] antifungal, and cytotoxic[17]

Semisynthetic analogs of the sponge isolate jasplakinolide, were submitted to National Cancer Institute’s Biological Evaluation Committee in 2011.

Other marine isolates

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Trabectedin, aplidine, didemnin, were isolated from sea squirts. Monomethyl auristatin E is a derivative of a dolastatin 10, a compound made by Dolabella auricularia. Bryostatins were first isolated from Bryozoa.

Salinosporamides are derived from Salinispora tropica. Ziconotide is derived from the sea snail Conus magus.

See also

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References

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  4. ^ Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 23 (2014), 8255-8256
  5. ^ Sagar, S.; Kaur, M.; Minneman, K. P. Antiviral Lead Compounds from Marine Sponges. Marine Drugs 2010, 8 (10), 2619–2638
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