Sphyrna
| Sphyrna Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| File:Hammerhead shark.jpg | |
| Great hammerhead (S. mokarran) | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Division: | Selachii |
| Order: | Carcharhiniformes |
| Family: | Sphyrnidae |
| Genus: | Sphyrna Rafinesque, 1810 |
| Type species | |
| Squalus zygaena | |
| File:Sphyrna distribution map.svg | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
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Sphyrna is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna alleni, was described in 2024.
The genus name comes from the Greek word σφῦρα sphyra "hammer", it is also where the family name Sphyrnidae comes from.[1]
The earliest known fossil species of Sphyrna is †Sphyrna guinoti from the mid-late Eocene of Tunisia and Egypt.[2]
Species
[edit | edit source]The recognized species in this genus are:[3][4]
- Extant
- Sphyrna alleni Gonzalez, Postaire, Driggers, Caballero, & Chapman, 2024 (shovelbill shark)[5]
- Sphyrna vespertina (S. Springer, 1940) (no common name)
- Sphyrna corona (S. Springer, 1940) (scalloped bonnethead)
- Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers, Grady, Ulrich & M. A. Roberts, 2013 (Carolina hammerhead)[4]
- Sphyrna lewini (E. Griffith & C. H. Smith, 1834) (scalloped hammerhead)
- Sphyrna media (S. Springer, 1940) (scoophead)
- Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) (great hammerhead)
- Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) (bonnethead)
- Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) (smalleye hammerhead)
- Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) (smooth hammerhead)
- Extinct
- † Sphyrna arambourgi (Cappetta, 1970)
- † Sphyrna gibbesii (Hay, 1902)
- † Sphyrna guinoti Adnet et al., 2020[2]
- † Sphyrna integra (Probst, 1878)
- † Sphyrna laevissima (Cope, 1867) (likely synonymous with S. zygaena)[2]
- † Sphyrna magna (Cope, 1867)
References
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- ^ a b Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
- ^ Gonzalez, C., Postaire, B., Driggers, W., Caballero, S. & Chapman, D. (2024): Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Zootaxa, 5512 (4): 491–511.
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