Winter sports

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File:USA I in heat 1 of 2 man bobsleigh at 2010 Winter Olympics 2010-02-20.jpg
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File:2020-01-11 Ice Dance Rhythm Dance (2020 Winter Youth Olympics) by Sandro Halank–0220.jpg
File:Pittsburgh Penguins, Washington Capitals, Bryan Rust (33744033514).jpg
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Several winter sports. Left to right, top to bottom: bobsleigh, curling, figure skating, ice hockey, skiing, and snowboarding

Winter sports or winter activities are competitive sports or non-competitive recreational activities which are played on snow or ice.[1] Most are variations of skiing, ice skating and sledding. Traditionally, such games were only played in cold areas during winter, but artificial snow and artificial ice allow more flexibility. Playing areas and fields consist of either snow or ice.

Artificial ice can also be used to provide ice rinks for ice skating, ice hockey, para ice hockey, ringette, broomball, bandy, rink bandy, rinkball, and spongee in a milder climate. The sport of speed skating uses a frozen circular track of ice, but in some facilities the track is combined in an enclosed area used for sports requiring an ice rink or the rink itself is used. Alternatively, ice cross downhill uses a track with various levels of elevation and a combination of bends. Long distance skating (a.k.a. "marathon skating") such as tour skating is only performed outdoors and uses the available natural ice from frozen lakes, ponds, and marshes. Tour skating at times includes speed skaters, though tour skates are more common.

Common individual sports include: cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, snowboarding, ski jumping, speed skating, figure skating, luge, skeleton, bobsleigh, ski orienteering and snowmobiling.

Common team sports include ice hockey, ringette, broomball (on either an indoor ice rink, or an outdoor ice rink or field of snow), curling, rinkball, and bandy. Based on the number of participants, ice hockey is the world's most popular winter team sport, followed by bandy.[2]

Winter sports at times have their own multi-sport events, such as the Winter Olympic Games and the Winter Universiade.

History

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File:SCENEONICE.jpg
Skating in the 17th century

Snow and ice during the winter time has enabled sliding as a means of transportation, using sledges, skis and skates. This also led to different pastimes and sports being developed in the winter season as compared to other times of the year. Naturally, winter sports are more popular in countries with longer winter seasons.

File:Affiche Davos Jahres-Kurort 1560 m.jpg
1901 Davos travel poster

In the European Alps, St. Moritz became a popular winter resort in 1864.[3][4]

In the early days of the Olympics there was not much differentiation between the summer and winter games. These confusions would span from around the late 1890s until the early to mid 1900s. During this time, some sports considered to be winter sports and played or performed during the Olympic Winter Games today, would be held during the Olympic Summer Games. It was originally wanted to keep all of the Olympic sports together under one event and program, but due to environmental demands of some sports, it had to be separated.[5]

While most winter sports are played outside, ice hockey, speed skating and to some extent bandy have moved indoors starting in the mid-20th century. Indoor ice rinks with artificial ice allow ice skating and hockey to be played in hot climates.

Outdoor winter sports will likely be severely impacted because of climate change in the next century.[6][7]

List of winter sports

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Note: the Olympic rings next to a sport indicates that this particular sport is included in the Winter Olympic Games, as of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. The Paralympic logo indicates the same for a sport not in the Olympics but in the Winter Paralympic Games.

Ice skating

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Skiing

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File:Jeremy Teela 2002 Olympics.jpg
United States biathlete Jeremy Teela at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
File:Salpausselkä 08.jpg
Ski jumping at Salpausselkä in Lahti, Finland in 2010

Sledding

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File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-09740-0004, Oberhof, II. Wintersportmeisterschaften, Bobfahren.jpg
An East German bobsleigh in 1951, Oberhof track, Germany

Sports that use sleds going down ice tracks or pulled by something:

Snowboarding

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Snowmobiling

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File:SnowmobilesYellowstone.jpg
A snowmobile tour at Yellowstone National Park.
  • Free style
  • Snocross
  • Recreation
  • Cross-country
  • Hill climbing

Team sports

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File:Bandy in Medeu Kazakhstan.JPG
Based on the number of participating athletes, bandy is the second most popular winter sport in the world for men

Other sports

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File:Ice track racing in Tammisaari 1964 (JOKAVN4A2E33-2).tif
Ice track racing in Tammisaari 1964

Recreational sports

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File:Bonhomme de neige (MuseumBellerive).JPG
Snowman

Some sports are competed in (or simply enjoyed) on a more casual basis, often by children:

Notable winter sporting events

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World Cup

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World championships

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See also

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References

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Citations

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  6. ^ Bradford, Nick (2019) The Future of Winter Sports and Recreation National Environmental Education Foundation
  7. ^ Bürki, Rolf (2003) Climate Change and Winter Sports: Environmental and Economic Threats CIPRA.org
  8. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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Sources

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  • Syers, Edgar; Syers, Madge (eds.) (1908) The Book of Winter Sports London: Edward Arnold OCLC 4531800
  • Dier, J. C. (ed.) (1912) The Book of Winter Sports, an attempt to catch the spirit of the keen joys of the winter season The Macmillan Company
  • Jessup, Elon Huntington (1923) Snow and ice sports: a winter manual E. P. Dutton & Co.
  • Cereghini, Mario (1955) Five Thousand Years of Winter Sports Edizioni del Milione
  • Liebers, Arthur (1971) The Complete Book of Winter Sports NY: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg
Look up winter sports in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Error creating thumbnail: File missing Media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 62: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). at Wikimedia Commons
  • File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Winter sports travel guide from Wikivoyage

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