Sindhi transliteration
Sindhi is a language broadly spoken by the people of the historical Sindh region in the Indian subcontinent. Modern Sindhi is written in an extended Perso-Arabic script in Sindh province of Pakistan[1] and (formally) in extended-Devanagari by Sindhis in partitioned India.[2] Historically, Sindhi was written in various forms of Landa scripts and various other Indic scripts.[3]
Sindhi Transliteration is essential to convert between Arabic and Devanagari so that speakers of both the countries can read the text of each other.[4] In modern day, Sindhi script colloquially just refers to the Perso-Arabic script since majority of Sindhis are from Pakistan. It is also important to note that the Sindhi script is not same as the Urdu-Shahmukhi script,[5] hence one cannot use script conversions like Hindi-Urdu Transliteration.
Technically, a direct one-to-one mapping or rule-based script conversion is not possible between Pakistani and Indian Sindhi, majorly since Devanagari is an abugida script and Arabic-Sindhi is an abjad script, and also other constraints like multiple similar characters from Perso-Arabic which map onto a single character in Devanagari.[6] Hence it is preferred to use dictionary-based or machine learning-based transliteration between the Sindhi scripts.[7] For colloquial usage in the digital space where writing Sindhi in Latin script is prevalent, Romanisation of Sindhi is used.[8]
In addition to Sindhi, there have been attempts to design Indo-Pakistani transliteration systems for digraphic languages like Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi in East Punjab and Shahmukhi in West Punjab), Saraiki (written in an extended-Shahmukhi script in Saraikistan and unofficially in Sindhi-Devanagari script in India) and Kashmiri (written in extended Perso-Arabic by Kashmiri Muslims and extended-Devanagari by Kashmiri Hindus).[9][10] [11]
Consonants
[edit | edit source]The following table provides an approximate one-to-one mapping for modern Sindhi consonants,[12] especially for computational purposes (lossless script conversion). Note that this direct script conversion will not yield correct spellings, but rather a readable text for both the readers.[13]
| Sindhi Abjad | Urdu-Shahmukhi[14] | Roman | Devanagari[15] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ڪ | ک | k | क |
| ک | کھ | kh | ख |
| ق | ق | q | क़ |
| خ | خ | k͟h | ख़ |
| گ | گ | g | ग |
| غ | غ | g͟h | ग़ |
| ڳ | ڳ | g̤ | ॻ |
| گھ | گھ | gh | घ |
| چ | چ | c | च |
| ڇ | چھ | ch | छ |
| ج | ج | j | ज |
| جھ | جھ | jh | झ |
| ڄ | ڄ | j̈ | ॼ |
| ز | ز | z | ज़ |
| ذ | ذ | z | ज़ |
| ض | ض | z | ज़ |
| ظ | ظ | z | ज़ |
| ژ | ژ | zh | झ़ |
| ٽ | ٹ | ṭ | ट |
| ٺ | ٹھ | ṭh | ठ |
| ڏ | ݙ | d̤ | ॾ |
| ڊ | ڈ | ḍ | ड |
| ڍ | ڈھ | ḍh | ढ |
| ڙ | ڑ | ṛ | ड़ |
| ڙھ | ڑھ | ṛh | ढ़ |
| ت | ت | t | त |
| ٿ | تھ | th | थ |
| ط | ط | t | त |
| د | د | d | द |
| ڌ | دھ | dh | ध |
| ن | ن | n | न |
| ڻ | ݨ | ṇ | ण |
| ڱ | ن٘ | ṅ | ङ |
| ڃ | ݩ | ñ | ञ |
| پ | پ | p | प |
| ڦ | پھ | ph | फ |
| ف | ف | f | फ़ |
| ب | ب | b | ब |
| ٻ | ٻ | ḇ | ॿ |
| ڀ | بھ | bh | भ |
| م | م | m | म |
| ي | ی | y | य |
| ر | ر | r | र |
| ل | ل | l | ल |
| ݪ | لؕ | ḷ | ळ |
| و | و | v | व |
| ش | ش | sh | श |
| ݜ | سؕ | ṣh | ष |
| س | س | s | स |
| ص | ص | s | स |
| ث | ث | s | स |
| ه | ہ | h | ह |
| ح | ح | h | ह |
| ۃ | ۃ | h | ह |
| ع | ع | ʿ | ʿ |
Single-letter word ligatures
[edit | edit source]| Sindhi | Urdu | Roman | Devanagari |
|---|---|---|---|
| ۽ | اَیں | a͠i | ऐं |
| ۾ | میں | mẽ | में |
Numerals
[edit | edit source]| Usage | Numeral System | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pakistan | Arabic numerals | ۰ | ۱ | ۲ | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ٦ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ |
| International | Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| India | Modern Devanagari | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
Punctuations and symbols
[edit | edit source]| Script | Period | Question Mark | Comma | Semi-colon | Slash | Percent | End of verse |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perso-Arabic | ۔ | ؟ | ، | ؛ | ؍ | ٪ | |
| Modern Devanagari | । | ? | , | ; | / | % | ॥ |
References
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- ^ Carefully note the differences. List also includes 4 implosive consonants from Saraiki alphabet (ڳ, ڄ, ݙ, ٻ)
- ^ All the consonants with nuqta sign (dots below) denote adaptation for PersoArabic consonants