Simply connected at infinity

In topology, a branch of mathematics, a topological space X is said to be simply connected at infinity if for any compact subset C of X, there is a compact set D in X containing C so that the induced map on fundamental groups

${\pi }_1(X-D)\to {\pi }_1(X-C)$

is the zero map. Intuitively, this is the property that loops far away from a small subspace of X can be collapsed, no matter how bad the small subspace is.

The Whitehead manifold is an example of a 3-manifold that is contractible but not simply connected at infinity. Since this property is invariant under homeomorphism, this proves that the Whitehead manifold is not homeomorphic to R³.

However, it is a theorem of John R. Stallings that for $n\ge 5$, a contractible n-manifold is homeomorphic to Rⁿ precisely when it is simply connected at infinity.