Sholaga language

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Sholaga
Soliga
Native toIndia
RegionKarnataka, Tamil Nadu
EthnicitySoliga
Native speakers
24,000 (2006)[1]
Dravidian
Language codes
ISO 639-3sle
Glottologshol1240
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The Sholaga (IPA: [ʃoːlɐɡɐ, s-]) language is a Dravidian language related to Kannada and Tamil, spoken by the Soliga people. It's also known as Kadu Sholigar, Sholiga, Sholigar, Solaga, Solega, Soliga, Soligar, Solanayakkans, Sholanayika.

Etymology

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The term comes from śōla "forest" and -ga "people".[2]

Classification

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Sholaga is classified as a Dravidian language, more specifically South Dravidian. Dravidian languages are split into five main categories by the name of Southern, South Central, Central, North and Unclassified. Sholaga falls into the Southern category which is then split into the three categories: Tamil-Kannada, Macro-Tulu, and unclassified. Sholaga falls into the Tamil-Kannada category.

Phonology

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The tables present the vowel and the consonant phonemes of Sholaga.[3]

Vowels

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Front Central Back
short long short long short long short long
High i iː ɨ ɨː ʉ ʉː u uː
Mid e eː ə əː ɵ ɵː o oː
Low a aː

Zvelebil had listed centralized <ä, ǟ> in the phonology. The real quality distinguishing <ä, ǟ> and <a, ā> isn't clear.

  • There are phonemic nasal vowels and all plain vowels have nasal counterparts, mostly from old final nasals, eg. akkã "sister", mö̃yi "body".

Consonants

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Consonants[4]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Palatal/
Pst.alv 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n̪ ɳ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ ʈ t͡ʃ k
voiced b d̪ ɖ d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative s h
Approximant ʋ l ɭ j
Rhotic ɾ⠀r ɽ
  • /s/ in free variation with [ʃ] and does not clash with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/.
  • p- > h- > ∅-, eg. So. aga, Kn. hoge; So. haḍagu, Kn. haḍagu. There are initial p- too, e.g. paḍḍe.
  • /ɖ, ɽ/ are distinct, eg. nōṛ- "see", ōḍ- "run".
  • No k- palatalization like Kananda, eg. So. kimi, Kn. kivi, Ta. cevi.
  • Rare g>ṅ, eg. So. maṅa, Kn. maganu.

Grammar

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Source: [3]

  • The formative morpheme *-ay is -a, eg. iṯappay "eyelid": Ka. rappe, Sh. ṟappa.
  • Like Irula and nearby Nilagiri languages, it lacks the oblique form in compounds with determinans followed by determinatum, eg. kāḍu aṉḏi "forest pig": Ta. kāṭṭu (< kāṭu) paṉṟi.
  • Unlike Jenu Kuruba, it has rich use of plural forms. Most take -ga, most ending with -ã take -diru, others take -ru.
  • Most cases are like Kannada but not identical.
  • There are only 2 tense stems: past/non-past but its more like verb finished vs unfinished. From the past preterite tense is fromed and from non-past the present-future tense.

Words

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English Sholaga
tiger dodinayi
elephant coquedana
elephant with huge tusks coquedonga
female elephant with growing tusks coreyani
deer Maan
Sambar deer kadave
Chital saraga
Moss Deer koore
muntjac tadu-koori
Area with boulders and rarely any rain udugaru
An evergreen forest Patchai kadu

References

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  1. ^ Sholaga at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Zvelebil (1990).
  3. ^ a b Zvelebil (1990), p. 157.
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

Sources

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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