Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

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Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
c. 1580 BC–c. 1550 BC
Sarcophagus of Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef, Louvre Museum
Sarcophagus of Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef, Louvre Museum
CapitalThebes
Common languagesEgyptian language
Religion
ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Historical eraBronze Age
• Established
c. 1580 BC
• Disestablished
c. 1550 BC
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
File:Blank.png Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
File:Blank.png Abydos Dynasty
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt File:Blank.png

The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVII, alternatively 17th Dynasty or Dynasty 17) was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled in Upper Egypt during the late Second Intermediate Period, approximately from 1580 to 1550 BC. Its mainly Theban rulers are contemporary with the Hyksos of the Fifteenth Dynasty and succeed the Sixteenth Dynasty, which was also based in Thebes. The chronology of the 17th dynasty is very uncertain and the king lists provide little help.[1]

The last two kings of the dynasty opposed the Hyksos rule over Egypt and initiated a war that would rid Egypt of the Hyksos kings and began a period of unified rule, the New Kingdom of Egypt.[1] Kamose, the second son of Seqenenre Tao and last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, was the brother of Ahmose I, the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty.[2]

Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are BC and AD
Predynastic
Dynasty 0 (Naqada III) 0 c. 3300–3150 BC
Early Dynastic
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890 BC
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686 BC
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 BC
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 BC
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 BC
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181 BC
First Intermediate
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 BC
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 BC
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 BC
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061 BC
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 BC
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 BC
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649 BC
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 BC
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535 BC
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 BC
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 BC
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549 BC
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 BC
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 BC
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077 BC
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 BC
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 BC
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 BC
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 BC
Twenty-fifth Dynasty
(Kushite)		 XXV 732–653 BC
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525 BC
XXVII 525–404 BC
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398 BC
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380 BC
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343 BC
XXXI 343–332 BC
Hellenistic Egypt
Thirty-second Dynasty
(Argead)		 XXXII 332–305 BC
Thirty-third Dynasty
(Ptolemaic Kingdom)		 XXXIII 305–30 BC
Roman Egypt
XXXIV 30 BC–313 AD

Origins

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The founder of the dynasty was Rahotep and most scholars consider his dynasty to have been native to Egypt.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Some mainstream scholars have suggested that the Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt had Nubian ancestry due to the expanded presence of Nubians in Egypt during that time period and the craniofacial evidence from X-ray examination of Seqenenre Tao who displayed strong affinities with contemporary Nubians. Donald Redford explicitly argues that Egyptians "entered into the service of the king of Kush" between seventeenth and sixteenth centuries BC, citing historical texts along with archaeological evidence that showed an increased Nubian presence from the third Cataract on the Nile as far north as Deir Rifeh. Redford summarises that a shared "community of interest" existed which coincided with the influx of Nubian pottery and weapons in Upper Egypt.[14][15][16]

War with the Hyksos

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While under the Hyksos rule, the kings of the 17th dynasty revived the cult of Osiris, they rebuilt temples, and they established military control over the religious site, Abdju. This was the beginning of their campaign for reunification.[17]

The first wave of attacks launched toward the southern flank was led by King Seqenenre Tao, who was killed in the battle. His son, Kamose, succeeded him as the leader. After securing the southern flank, Kamose took to the North to fight more of the Hyksos. Despite little sustained opposition, he failed to take more land in the north and died suddenly after just 2 years at the throne. He left no sons behind to succeed him and his brother, Ahmose I, came to power at 10 years old.[17]

File:Kamose Siegesstele Luxor Museum 02.jpg
Kamose's second stela which records his victory against the Hyksos (Luxor Museum).

The nationalists in the North had weakened the Hyksos and could no longer muster a counter-attack. In 1559 BC, led by an old enough to fight Ahmose I, they conquered the city of Memphis. Then, with naval support, conquered Hutwaret. They then followed the Hyksos to Sharuhen, a major center of Hyksos power, and laid siege to it for 3 years. After intimidating the surrounding areas, they had won the war.[17] Being in the middle, the people of Thebes and Upper Egypt were had less influence and were politically "independent". They maintained mostly peaceful relationships with the Nubians and Hyksos, restoring unity to Upper and Lower Egypt.[1] Beginning The New Kingdom of Egypt.[17]

Pharaohs of the 17th Dynasty

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The Pharaohs of the 17th Dynasty ruled for approximately 30 years. Known rulers of the 17th Dynasty are as follows:[18]

Dynasty XVII Kings of Egypt
Nomen (personal name) Prenomen (throne name) Horus-name Image Reign Burial Consort(s) Comments
Rahotep Sekhemre-wahkhaw Wahankh File:Rahotep stele BM Budge.png c. 1585 BC Dra' Abu el-Naga'?
Sobekemsaf I Sekhemre-wadjkhaw Hetepnetjeru File:RedGraniteStatueOfSobkemsafI(Detail)-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg 7 years Dra' Abu el-Naga'? Nubemhat
Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-shedtawy (unknown) Statuette Sobekemsaf Petrie b Dra' Abu el-Naga'? Tomb was robbed during the reign of Ramesses IX Nubkhaes
Intef V Sekhemre-wepmaat Wepmaat Louvre 122006 050 2-3? years Dra' Abu el-Naga'?
Intef VI Nubkheperre Neferkheperu File:WoodenCoffinOfIntef-BritishMuseum-August21-08.jpg 3-8? years Dra' Abu el-Naga' Sobekemsaf
Intef VII Sekhemre-heruhermaat (unknown) File:Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-img 2848-CloseUp.png Dra' Abu el-Naga'? Haankhes
Ahmose the Elder Senakhtenre Merymaat Relief Senakhtenre by Khruner 1-2 years Dra' Abu el-Naga'? Tetisheri
Tao Seqenenre Khaemwaset File:Coffin Seqenenre Petrie.png c. 1560 (4 years) Dra' Abu el-Naga'? Ahmose Inhapy
Sitdjehuti
Ahhotep I 		Died in battle against the Hyksos
Kamose Wadjkheperre Khahernesetef Sarcophage-Kamose 1555 to 1550 BC (5 years) Dra' Abu el-Naga' Ahhotep II?

Finally, king Nebmaatre may have been a ruler of the early 17th Dynasty.[19]

Family tree

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File:Double crown.svgSobekemsaf INubemhat
File:Double crown.svgSobekemsaf IINubkhaes II
File:Double crown.svgSekhemre-Wepmaat IntefFile:Double crown.svgNubkheperre IntefSobekemsaf
File:Double crown.svgSekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
File:Egypt Hyksos Period.png
The political situation in the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1650 – c. 1550 BC)

Comparison of regnal lists

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This dynasty does not appear often on surviving Egyptian king lists, however five kings are recorded on the Karnak King List, dated to the reign of Thutmose III. Three kings are also listed in the kings scene of TT2, dated to the reign of Ramesses II. More names may have originally appeared in the missing sections of the kings lists.

Historical Pharaoh Karnak King List TT2
Rahotep (Sekhem)re Wahkhaure
Sobekemsaf I Sekhemre Wadjkhau
Intef VI Nubkheperre
Senakhtenre Ahmose Senakhtenre Sekhentnebre
Seqenenre Tao Seqenenre Seqenenre
Kamose Wadjkheperre

The dynasty likely appeared on the Turin King List but the section containing the dynasty is heavily fragmented and very little survives. There were originally sixteen kings named after the Sixteenth Dynasty, but it is unknown if all of these kings were indeed part of the seventeenth dynasty, and one of the two first kings may have been Senebkay, who may have been part of a completely different dynasty.

Turin King List[20]
User..ra ... Possibly Senebkay.
User...
Eight missing names –
...hebra ... –
Missing name –
Missing name Reigned for 2 years.
Missing name Reigned for 4 years.
Missing name Reigned for 3 years.
...nra ... Reigned for 3 years.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ "A new dynasty emerged in Thebes out of a local branch of the Thirteenth Dynasty. It was founded by Rahotep, who took Wahankh as his Horus name."Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ "In between the Hyksos kingdom, in the Delta and Middle Egypt, and the Kingdom of Kush, south of the 1st cataract, was squeezed the only “true” Egyptian dynasty, the 17th in Thebes."Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ "The conflict came to a head in a confrontation between the Hyksos and the native Theban rulers (Dynasty 17)"Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ "In the south, Nubians entered Egypt to serve under the Theban rulers of the Seventeenth Dynasty (1640–1550 B.C.E.), who would rise up to restore a united land."Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ^ "SEVENTEENTH DYNASTY. An upper Egyptian Succession (c.1665-1509) of local rulers in the Theban area."Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ "(Fifteenth Dynasty) in the eastern Delta was perceived to be a foreign occupation by the Egyptian Seventeenth Dynasty that ruled in Thebes"Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ "The revolution by the Egyptian native Seven- teenth Dynasty against the Hyksos resulted in a subsequent campaign"Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ "until they were eventually dispelled by a rival , native dynasty from Thebes Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ^ "and the Second lntermediate Period saw an Egyptian dynasty ruling from Thebes, while the Palestinian Hyksos ruled the north"Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ^ "while an indigenous Seventeenth Dynasty ( ca. 1650–1552 BCE ) ruled over Thebes ."Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  13. ^ "but there was also a native 17th dynasty ( ca 1640 - ca1540 ) in Thebes"Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  14. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  16. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  17. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  18. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  19. ^ K. S. B. Ryholt, Adam Bülow-Jacobse, The political situation in Egypt during the second intermediate period, c. 1800-1550 B.C., pp 168, 170, 171, 179, 204, 400
  20. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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