Scleroderma citrinum
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| Scleroderma citrinum | |
|---|---|
| File:Scleroderma citrinum.jpg | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Sclerodermataceae |
| Genus: | Scleroderma |
| Species: | S. citrinum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Scleroderma citrinum | |
| Scleroderma citrinum | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
| File:Gleba icon.png | Glebal hymenium |
| File:No cap icon.svg | No distinct cap |
| File:NA cap icon.svg | Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
| File:NA cap icon.svg | Lacks a stipe |
| Spore print is purple-black | |
| File:Mycorrhizal fungus.svg | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
| File:Mycomorphbox Poison.png | Edibility is poisonous |
Scleroderma citrinum, commonly known as the common earthball,[1] pigskin poison puffball,[2] or common earth ball,[3] is a species of earthball fungus.
Description
[edit | edit source]The fruit bodies grow to 10 centimetres (4 in) broad and 6 cm high with a yellowish peridium, or outer skin.[4]
Earthballs are superficially similar to, and considered look-alikes of, the edible puffball (particularly Apioperdon pyriforme), but whereas the puffball has a single opening on top through which the spores are dispersed, the earthball just breaks up to release the spores. Moreover, S. citrinum has much firmer flesh and a dark gleba (interior) much earlier in development than puffballs. Scleroderma citrinum has no stem but is attached to the soil by mycelial cords. The peridium is thick and firm, usually ochre yellow externally with irregular warts.
Distribution and habitat
[edit | edit source]Found in Europe and in North America, it is the most common species of earthball fungus in the United Kingdom and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter. S. citrinum has two synonyms, S. aurantium (Vaill.) and Scleroderma vulgare Horn.[5]
Ecology
[edit | edit source]Scleroderma citrinum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus with a symbiotic relationship with tree species, and can influence the diversity of soil bacterial communities under some tree species.[citation needed]
The earthball may be parasitized by Pseudoboletus parasiticus.
Toxicity
[edit | edit source]Scleroderma citrinum is poisonous[4] and can be mistaken with truffles by inexperienced mushroom hunters. Ingestion of S. citrinum can cause gastrointestinal distress in humans and animals. Some individuals may experience lacrimation, rhinitis and rhinorrhea, and conjunctivitis from exposure to its spores.[6][7]
Pigments found in the fruiting body of S. citrinum Pers. are sclerocitrin, norbadione A, xerocomic acid, and badione A.
Notes
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References
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External links
[edit | edit source]- Medicinal Mushrooms Description, bioactive compounds, medicinal properties
- Mushroom Expert Additional information
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