Quercus petraea

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Quercus petraea
File:Quercus petraea 06.jpg
A mature tree
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Subgenus: Quercus subg. Quercus
Section: Quercus sect. Quercus
Species:
Q. petraea
Binomial name
Quercus petraea
Subspecies

See text.

File:Quercus petraea range.svg
Distribution map
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Quercus robur var. petraea Matt.
  • Quercus brevipedunculata Cariot & St.-Lag.
  • Quercus calcarea Troitsky
  • Quercus columbaria Vuk.
  • Quercus coriacea Bechst.
  • Quercus coronensis Schur
  • Quercus decipiens Behlen
  • Quercus dispar Raf.
  • Quercus durinus Raf.
  • Quercus erythroneura Vuk.
  • Quercus esculus L.
  • Quercus longipetiolata Schur
  • Quercus mas Thore
  • Quercus mespilifolia Wallr.
  • Quercus peraffinis Gand.
  • Quercus petiolata Schur
  • Quercus regalis Burnett ex Endl.
  • Quercus sessiliflora Salisb.
  • Quercus sessilis Ehrh. ex Schur
  • Quercus spathulifolia Vuk.
  • Quercus sphaerocarpa Vuk.
  • Quercus sublobata Kit.
  • Quercus huguetiana (Franco & G.López) Rivas Mart.
  • Quercus colchica Czeczott
  • Quercus dshorochensis K.Koch
  • Quercus hypochrysa Steven
  • Quercus iberica Steven ex M.Bieb.
  • Quercus kochiana O.Schwarz
  • Quercus kozlowskyi Woronow ex Grossh.
  • Quercus lamprophyllos K.Koch
  • Quercus polycarpa Schur
  • Quercus sorocarpa Woronow ex Maleev
  • Quercus szowitzii Wenz.
  • Quercus abietum Kotschy ex A.DC.
  • Quercus cedrorum Kotschy
  • Quercus ibicis Kotschy ex A.DC.
  • Quercus pinnatiloba K.Koch
  • Quercus subalpina Kotschy ex A.DC.
  • Quercus tergestina Wenz.
  • plus a long list of invalid names and another long list of names below the species level

Quercus petraea, commonly known as the sessile oak,[3] Welsh oak,[4] Cornish oak,[5] Irish oak or durmast oak,[6] is a species of deciduous oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran. The sessile oak is the national tree of Ireland,[7] and an unofficial emblem in Wales[8] and Cornwall.[9][10]

Description

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The sessile oak is a large deciduous tree up to 40 metres (130 feet) tall,[11] in the white oak section of the genus (Quercus sect. Quercus) and similar to the pedunculate oak (Q. robur), with which it overlaps extensively in range. The leaves are 7–14 centimetres (2+3⁄4–5+1⁄2 inches) long and 4–8 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) broad, evenly lobed with five to six lobes on each side and a 1 cm-long (1⁄2 in) petiole. The male flowers are grouped into catkins, produced in the spring. The fruit is an acorn 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long and 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) broad, which matures in about six months.

Comparison with pedunculate oak

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Significant botanical differences from pedunculate oak (Q. robur) include the stalked leaves, and the stalkless (sessile) acorns from which one of its common names is derived. (With the pedunculate oak, it is the acorns which are pedunculate, i.e. on stalks, while the leaves are not.) It occurs in upland areas of altitudes over 300 m (984 ft) with higher rainfall and shallow, acidic, sandy soils. Its specific epithet petraea means "of rocky places".[12] Q. robur, on the other hand, prefers deeper, richer soils at lower altitude. Fertile hybrids with Quercus robur named Quercus × rosacea are found wherever the two parent species occur and share or are intermediate in characters between the parents.[citation needed]

Taxonomy

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Quercus petraea was first described by Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka in 1777 as a variety of Quercus robur, Quercus robur var. petraea. It was raised to a full species by Franz Kaspar Lieblein in 1784.[13]

Subspecies

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As of March 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted five subspecies:[13]

  • Quercus petraea subsp. austrotyrrhenica Brullo, Guarino & Siracusa
  • Quercus petraea subsp. huguetiana Franco & G.López
  • Quercus petraea subsp. petraea
  • Quercus petraea subsp. pinnatiloba (K.Koch) Menitsky
  • Quercus petraea subsp. polycarpa (Schur) Soó

Diseases and pests

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Uses

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Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality cabinetmaking, veneers and barrel staves.[15] Rougher material is used for fence construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties.[16][17] It is also a good fuel wood. During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.[18]

Notable individual trees

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Pontfadog Oak

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Main article: Pontfadog Oak

Known as "Wales's national tree", the Pontfadog Oak was a sessile oak considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK. Located near Chirk in North Wales, its girth was measured as over 16 metres (53 ft) in 1881 and it was understood to be over 1,200 years old, an age that was due to regular pollarding for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of 12.9 m (42 ft 5 in).[19]

The tree died in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.[20] However, the Crown Estate propagated a sapling from the original tree and planted it in Windsor Great Park.[21] A further five saplings have been cloned from the Pontfadog Oak, three of which will be planted at the National Botanic Garden of Wales, with the other two going to sites near Pontfadog; one at Chirk Castle and the other at Erddig, as part of a woodland memorial to those who died during the COVID-19 pandemic.[22]

Fuck Tree

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Main article: Fuck Tree

The Fuck Tree is a sessile oak tree located in Hampstead Heath, north London. The tree is located in an established gay cruising area and is famous for its slender trunk which facilitates gay sex. Hampstead Heath has been used for gay cruising since the Victorian era, with the Fuck Tree being the most famous tree in the heath.[23] The Fuck Tree has gained recognition in LGBTQ+ art and culture, including the 2017 art film Fuck Tree by Liz Rosenfeld[24] and the 2023 art exhibition Soft Ground at the Gasworks Gallery by Trevor Yeung.[25]

See also

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References

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  7. ^ Mitchell, Alan (1974). "Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins Field Guide)", HarperCollins Distribution Services, New York. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  8. ^ "Tree trail with worldwide flavour", BBC News, 23 July 2004
  9. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ West Briton, September 01, 2011, Will native trees thrive in the future? Archived June 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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  13. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  14. ^ Bullock, J.A. 1992. Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations – Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES) publication volume 11a: A supplement to A Coleopterist's Handbook.
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